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This of course brings us to the issue of "gaps" and the role that they play in the act of reading as Iser understands it.
这理所当然地把我们引到了“间隙“的问题上“,以及照伊瑟尔的理解,间隙在阅读中起到的作用。
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If you're just trying to spit up stuff you've memorized, it's not really going to work.
如果你只是把学到的知识分开来看，那也不会起到什么作用。
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The poem on the morning of Christ's nativity serves as Milton's preparation for something greater than itself.
圣诞清晨歌》这首诗,在弥尔顿准备阶段起到一个比诗本身要大的作用。
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So although the New Critics were fed up with philological criticism, I don't mean to be condescending toward it or to suggest that it didn't play a crucially important role in the evolution of literary studies.
所以，虽然新批判主义,对语言学批判主义不满，但是并不是要否认语言学批判主义,在文学研究发展过程中,起到的重要作用。
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It's very relaxing, it achieves the same function as focusing on your breath, give you something not to get lost, but feel sort of centered in.
它令人十分放松，它能和集中注意力呼吸,起到同样的作用，并不是让你迷失，而是感觉到集中起来。
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What's the primary note called, the note around which all of the others-- all the others gravitate?
怎么称呼这个主要音符,这个被其它音符围绕,起到吸引作用的音符?
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It is of opposite charge and it exerts an influence, only that is minus to plus so that is going to give me a minus term here.
它具有相反的电性，所以它也会有影响，只有这个负值相对正值来说会起到减少的作用,所以这里将会引入一个负值的量。
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One thing we learned was that communication can help in a coordination game.
从中我们了解到了,交流在协调博弈中可以起到作用
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So we can have an example, let's look at it.
而键是起到一个索引的作用。
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Mechanisms like habituation, classical conditioning and operant conditioning are real; they can be scientifically studied; and they play an important role in the lives of animals and probably an important role in human lives as well.
诸如习惯化，经典条件作用，操作性条件作用之类的机制,都是真实存在的;,这些机制都能得到科学的研究;,它们在动物的生活里起到了重要的作用,或许在我们人类的生活中,也同样起到了重要的作用。
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Now, it raises lots of interesting issues if a company does that and then boasts about it on the packaging or in marketing, because then people could overestimate how good those products are for them, so a lot of consumer education has to be done.
现在如果一个公司改进之后,在其包装,或市场上大肆宣扬,会引发许多争议,因为人们可能因此高估了,这些食品对其健康起到的作用,可见消费者应该对此有更多了解
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You have to inject it multiple times because the first blip that you get in immune response is not very high, you have to boost and often you have to boost again in order to get a high enough response to be protected.
你必须得进行多次注射,因为第一次注射,无法使免疫系统产生强烈反应,你得要增强免疫,通常还得再增强一次,以使反应足够强烈,从而起到保护作用
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What were the three strategy decisions--or pick any number--that you now recognize in hindsight were both pivot points of inflection points that really changed the trajectory of the company?
哪些战略决策,能够被视为拐点或者转折点,起到了改变公司发展轨迹的作用？
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I put it there because, well, I think the major chain bookstores fulfill an important function but I also like to support independent bookstores.
我推荐这个书店是因为,我认为,虽然主流的连锁书店,起到了很重要的作用,但是我仍然想支持一下独立书店
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It doesn't do anything but at least that's one bite out of this problem.
虽然这个没起到任何实质性的作用,但是我们朝着我们要解决的问题迈出了一小步。
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Where they going to be?
这些平民又能起到多大作用呢？
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It should be taught from the universities and from this conversation will be sprinkled upon the people. Hobbes' hope, like that of all the great political philosophers, was to be a kind of legislator for mankind.
通过对话交流的方式,对他人起到潜移默化的作用,像古往今来那些伟大的政治哲学家们一样,霍布斯也希望自己在某一天，成为人类行为规范的立法者。
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that you know it's not going to happen or you know it's not useful to do.
你知道这事没发生的可能，或者这么做并不会起到什么作用。
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Sometimes that doesn't work out as well as we want it to.
有时候它也不会起到我们想要的作用。
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This is the way where you can know that you will have an effect.
通过这种方式，你可以清楚地知道,你将会起到作用。
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We assume that unless we're dealing with Scheherazade, it has to have an end, but at the same time we might well ask ourselves, why does it have a middle? What is the function of the middle with respect to a beginning and an end?
而且我们认定一定会有结尾，除非讲故事的是那个，《天方夜谭》中的苏丹新娘，但是我们要问自己了，为什么故事一定要有经过呢？,故事的经过对于开头结尾来说起到什么作用呢？
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So in this case, the communication worked but am I right in thinking that the communication isn't such an instant solution as it was in the game we saw last time?
在这个博弈中,交流起到了作用,但是能说这和上一讲的博弈一样吗,交流并没能直接给出解决的方案
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Or, if this is a primary election, a larger share of the vote gives you a bigger push for the next primary or whatever.
或者把它看成是总统大选的初选,获得更多的票数,对你下一轮的选举起到积极作用
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how could we make a difference?
我们能起到什么作用呢？
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And so in what way is alcohol inhibitory?
那么酒精是怎样起到抑制作用的呢
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While we're doing this we'll figure out how these payoffs work as well.
当我们这么做的时候,也会明白收益会起到怎样的作用
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And clearly in this game what matters is coordinating.
很显然协调能起到作用
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But they also contribute through this interaction term.
但是二者的合作同样起到了作用
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So we learned the very first time that in the Prisoner's Dilemma communication per se won't help, but in the coordination problem, which could be just as serious socially as a Prisoner's Dilemma, in a coordination problem it may well help.
在第一讲里我们就学到了,在囚徒困境中沟通不起作用,但是在和囚徒困境具有,同样重要社会意义的协和谬误中,交流却能够起到作用
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Now, So, you have these maps in your head but the thing to realize is— And these maps are part of your cortex, but the things to realize is that's an important part of what goes on in your brain but less than one quarter of the cortex contains these maps or projection areas.
你的脑袋里存在着这些定位图,但你们会发现,这些定位图是你大脑皮层的一部分,但你们会发现,这是在你的大脑活动中,起到重要作用的一部分大脑皮层,不过只有不到四分之一的大脑皮层,存在这些定位图或是投射区
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