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That is to say, how do we form the conclusion that we are interpreting something adequately, that we have a basis for the kind of reading that we're doing?
也就是说,当说到我们能够解读某个事物，或对正在进行的阅读有一定基础，我们是如何得出上述结论的？
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So when someone says, "your apartment, it's not so great." You can tell them these reasons and then you say,
所以当有人说，“你的公寓不怎么样”，你可以告诉他们上述理由，然后你说，
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And if we do, in fact, hit it with light to get the electrons off, it will go back to the straight up in position, or if it gets knocked hard enough it does that, too.
而且如果我们这么做，事实上，用光轰击它以逐出电子，它就会在原位置沿直线返回，或者如果它被撞击的足够猛烈,也会出现上述现象。
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And so we'll talk about how that happened in the— using the examples of smallpox and polio.
所以我们会以天花和小儿麻痹症为例,讨论上述目标是如何实现的
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Really, all these things are potentially interesting possibilities and the question is what makes most sense?
实际上,上述这些都是可能的潜在原因,问题是哪一个才是主要原因
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Well, apparently Richard in real life did not refuse to make those changes. And imagine, in a book that then undergoes this publishing history that I have described, this is kind of a symbolic scene.
很明显，现实生活中的理查,并没有拒绝那些修改,想像一下，经历上述出版过程的一本书，这是象征性的场景。
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I just go down the list selecting the smallest person at a time and then I repeat, repeat, repeat but when we actually did out the math or kind of reason through it, the running time, the asymptotic running time of bub-- of Selection Sort was also what?
只需要遍历列表，每次找出最小的元素,然后重复上述步骤，但从数学角度看,选择排序的时间复杂度,又是多少呢？
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The place where this took place was the gymnasium.
进行上述教育的场所叫做古希腊运动场。
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Freud and Skinner had explanations of all of these.
弗洛伊德和斯金纳的理论解释了上述一切。
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I'm talking about trying to prevent suffering and prompt for people who don't want to going on living themselves or in the case of babies allowing parents to make that judgment for themselves and their family.
我所做的是为了防止痛苦,或是帮助那些不愿,活下去的人们,或是让上述例子中的孩子的父母,能够作出决定，为他们自己，也为这个家庭。
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That's a simple history of taxes.
上述就是税收的简史。
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And finally, and most important-- these others have been pretty straightforward-- but what has not been straightforward is something that you might listen to many, many times and not be aware of, and that is chord changes.
最后,也是最重要的途径,上述的三种途径都非常直截了当,不过也有些不那么直接的东西,即使你听了成千上百遍,也不一定会注意到的是和弦的变化
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If you live in a society that operates under those rules, then it should be up to the government to decide how those resources that come back through taxation are distributed because it is through the consent of the government.
如果你在一个按照上述规则运行的社会中生活，那么就应该由政府来决定,如何分配，通过征税收回的资源,因为那是政府一致表决通过的。
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But what is a regime? Broadly speaking a regime indicates a form of government whether it is ruled by the one a few the many or as more common some mixture a combination of these three ruling powers.
但到底何谓政体？广义来说,政体象征着一种形式的政府,无论它独裁，寡头或多头掌政,或是更常见的混合体,综合上述三种统治权力。
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He has also got all of these things, but the thing that sets him apart, that makes him the special kind of hero he is, is his skill in speech which doesn't mean only that he pronounces words very well, or that he selects them very well for beauty or something.
他也拥上述的品质,然而,他与众不同,称之为特别的英雄的是他的说话技巧,这不仅是指他完美的发音,或是,他能很好地遣词用句,措辞优美,或其他什么
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Again, these just illustrate my point, which is: Why did nobles and even other people agree to all of this?
上述内容再一次证明了我的观点,为什么贵族,甚至是普通民众会认可绝对主义
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We need to throw in an extra clause to deal with branching, splitting cases,of the sort that I've just been talking about.
我们需要加一个额外条件，来处理我们上述的分歧案例。
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but it's still a great way to express yourself in these situations and many more similar situations.
但是在上述的情况以及类似的情况中，这是一种表达你想法的理想方式。
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And the idea is that these are actually symptoms.
上述这些都是实实在在的症状。
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If we just thought about that second part of it, just the antibody generation, or the humoral what we called last time--last week, the humoral immune response, the immune response associated with humoral immune response of antibodies in the blood and in other fluids.
当我们仅考虑上述过程的第二步,也就是产生抗体的部分,或是我们上周学习的,体液免疫应答,这种免疫应答与,血液中以及其他体液中的抗体有关
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In terms of function they're very important because this stem cell which is produced goes back into the population of stem cells and is able to repeat this process to form new committed progenitor cells and to form new stem cells.
但就功能而言这些干细胞则至关重要,因为这类分裂产生的子细胞,依然是干细胞,可以再次重复上述步骤,生成新的定向祖细胞,和新的干细胞
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That constellation of risk factors that gets packed together tells you more in some cases about a person's risk for disease than if all you knew was their weight.
上述提到的一系列的风险因素,能告诉我们更多有关个人的患病风险,这比仅仅知道体重更能说明问题
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It might be hard to mesh this with the conception in which all actions are the result of neurochemical physical processes.
将上述事情,与所有的行为,都是神经化学生理过程的结果,这样的概念联系在一起是有些困难的
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Yet, for all of this, one might say there is still a profound enigma surrounding Aristotle's political works.
但除了上述之外，人们还是觉得,亚里士多德的政治作品仍充满了深奥的谜团。
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We have kind of a slowing economy either because of that or because the economy kind of slows every once in a while.
我们的经济发展缓慢或者因为,上述原因或者因为我们的经济,偶尔陷入缓慢发展的泥潭。
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Or are you going to say that that will only take us so far, and it's the conditions that are messed up, and we have to do something about the conditions to make it easier for people to make healthier choices?
还是认为上述做法见效甚微,问题关键在于混乱的饮食环境,我们应该先改善周遭环境,使得人们更容易作出更为健康的选择
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So, that's an example of a framing issue.
那么，上述就是心理框架的一个例子。
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