这一概念实际上是指，向大脑或者神经系统输入信息，或者读出大脑和神经系统以外的信息。
And that concept is really to either write information into the brain and the nerve system or read information out of the brain and the nerve system.
正像她最近在维也纳举行的欧洲神经科学论坛上向听众解释的那样，如果她是对的，那么她或许已经打开了治疗其他形式的持续性疼痛的大门。
If she is right, as she explained to an audience at the recent Forum of European Neuroscience in Vienna, she may have opened a door to the treatment of other forms of persistent pain.
这些神经细胞通过脊髓向肌肉发送信号，使我们具备运动的能力。
These send signals through the spinal cord to the muscles to give us the ability to move.
而是，它们积累所接收到的能量，只有当积累的能量达到一定临界极限时，它们才会向其他神经元发送自己的能量。
Instead, they sum their received energies, and they send their own quantities of energy to other neurons only when this sum has reached a certain critical threshold.
所以，这次陈教授带领的小组向白鼠体脊髓内注射了一种神经毒素，这种毒素会寻找GRPR受体、归类停靠点。
So this time, Chen's team injected the spinal cords of mice with a neurotoxin that seeks out the GRPR receptor, sort of a docking site.
酸奶还能向大脑供给酪氨酸，这种氨基酸能提升血液中的神经介质多巴胺和去甲肾上腺素水平，从而提升人的情绪和心情。
Yogurt also supplies the brain with tyrosine, an amino acid that boosts blood levels of the neurotransmitters dopamine and norepinephrine, resulting in a mood and mental boost.
例如，人的大脑就是依赖电脉冲释放出依附于神经传输体的钙离子，然后依次地向神经系统的其余部分发出信号。
Human brains, for example, rely on electrical impulses to release calcium ions that bind to neurotransmitters that, in turn, communicate with the rest of the nervous system.
因为葡萄糖是神经元活动的能量来源，所以大脑中的短暂的葡萄糖低浓度水平会向胃发出信号，让人赶快往嘴里塞食物，纵然能量其实只消耗了九牛一毛。
And because glucose fuels the neurons, a transitory low level in the brain may signal the stomach to get the hands to fill up the mouth, even though the energy actually spent has gone up just a hair.
在美国，辩护律师第一次向法庭提交了一份有争议的神经测谎报告作为证据。
Defense attorneys are for the first time submitting a controversial neurological lie-detection test as evidence in U.S. court.
卫生系统必须得到加强，以便向神经障碍患者提供更好的保健，“世卫组织总干事陈冯富珍博士说。”
Health systems need to be strengthened to deliver better care for people with neurological disorders, "said Dr Margaret Chan, WHO Director-General."
当向大脑显示一个虚像时，随着大脑对图像的处理，其神经元由于带电活动而闪烁不停。
Show the brain a virtual image and its neurons flicker with electrical activity as the image is processed.
本章向读者展示了一系列研究，证明了存在一些生理机能障碍。这也意味着自我戒赌会使一些不同的神经加工过程的参与进来。
The chapter points the reader to a number of studies that give evidence that there are physiological dysfunctions suggesting that different neural processes to self exclude are involved.
在我们的大脑中，它就像一个指挥，向基底神经节中其他至少84个基因下达指令。
In our brains, it ACTS more like a foreman, handing out instructions to at least 84 target genes in the developing basal ganglia.
脑外科手术需要最熟练的主刀手，但是现在即使是神经外科医生也开始向机器人求助。
BRAIN surgery calls for the most accomplished hands, but even neurosurgeons are now turning to robots for help.
能帮助研究者了解基本神经回路如何产生感觉及对环境作出回应的，例如什么时候蠕虫发现事物并爬向事物。
It will help researchers learn how basic neural circuits work together in sensing and responding to the environment, such as when a worm smells food and crawls toward it.
另一种脑衍生的向神经因子基因标记，就和心理外向性相关相连。
A snip located close to the gene that codes for brain-derived neurotrophic factor was associated with extraversion.
但当向神经末梢周围的雪旺细胞注入这种蛋白时，没有变异的蛋白能阻止退化。
But no variant of prion protein was able to prevent demyelination when introduced specifically into the Schwann cells that surround and support peripheral nerve cells.
这些药物抑制一种叫做神经氨酸酐酶的酶，这种酶可以促使新生成的病毒离开被感染的细胞向周身散播。
These drugs act against an enzyme called neuraminidase, which allows newly formed viruses to leave infected cells and spread around the body.
如果把电话中心想象为一个有机生命体，PBX就是它的神经系统，即时向各个部分通报机体运转情况。
If you think of a call center as a living being, the PBX would be its nervous system, informing every other part of the organization with instant knowledge on how the business is doing.
我会简要提及这些能够向大脑和神经系统，递信息的美妙系统。
And I will briefly touch upon these wonderful systems that are able to deliver information into the brain and nerve system.
然而，通过联合所有神经细胞的信号，在第二个区域中的细胞就可以对角落的信号做出反应或向任意方向运行。
By combining their signals, however, cells in the second area can respond to corners or bars in any orientation.
比如你不小心碰到了热火炉，你皮肤中的神经就会向大脑发射疼痛信号，于是大脑就会发回信号让手挪开。
For example, if you accidentally touch a hot stove, the nerves in your skin shoot a message of pain to your brain. The brain then sends a message back telling the muscles in your hand to pull away.
身体产生激活下丘脑的激素，下丘脑中的神经元向身体发回新的信息。
The neurons in the hypothalamus send new messages back to the body.
他们向白鼠大脑中植入了负责表达一种光激活海藻蛋白的基因，使得光激活海藻蛋白进入大脑的神经细胞。
They inserted a gene for a light-activated algal protein into mice brains, where it entered nerve cells.
现在，明尼苏达大学的一项研究表明，抓挠能够抑制脊髓神经的活动，正是脊髓神经向大脑传递痒的感觉。研究者希望最终能弄清这种抑制是如何工作的。
Now, a University of Minnesota study shows that scratching turns off activity in spinal cord nerves that transmit the itching sensation to the brain.
那是因为“数量，向一个细胞，一个神经元发射的等级，是难以蔓延到复杂得多的人类行为的。
That's because "measuring ... firing at the level of a single cell, a neuron, is difficult to extend to human behavior, which is highly complex."
西雅图华盛顿大学的神经科学家威廉穆迪（William Moody）说，如果这些神经元确实是波浪式放电，那么这些神经元就可以通过这种方式向其他神经细胞发出位置信号。
If the cells do fire in waves, that could be their way of signaling their location to other brain cells, says neuroscientist William Moody of the University of Washington in Seattle.
西雅图华盛顿大学的神经科学家威廉穆迪（William Moody）说，如果这些神经元确实是波浪式放电，那么这些神经元就可以通过这种方式向其他神经细胞发出位置信号。
If the cells do fire in waves, that could be their way of signaling their location to other brain cells, says neuroscientist William Moody of the University of Washington in Seattle.
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