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Basically,some councils in the early church, councils that would be called by the Emperor, for example,by Constantine or his successors.
基本上，早期教会的一些议会，会由皇帝召集，比如君士坦丁或他的继任人。
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and you've got the Houses of Parliament and Big Ben and all sorts of exciting things.
你还可以看到议会大厦、大本钟以及各种激动人心的事物。
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Different bishops in different major cities and different councils would sometimes try to decide, and they'd put out decrees.
不同城市，不同议会的主教,有时候会尝试把它确定下来，他们会颁布法令。
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This is the year in which we have two dominant groups in the new revolutionary Parliament.
这也是我们在新革命性的议会中,拥有两个占统治地位的团体的一年。
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The only people who could speak in the council or in an assembly were the noblemen, the basileis.
唯一可以在议会或者集会发言的人,只有贵族和部落酋长
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Hector Davis owned a two-story slave auction house and jail on 14th and Franklin Streets, just two blocks down the hill from Thomas Jefferson's glorious capitol building of the State of Virginia.
赫克托·戴维斯,在第十四和富兰克林大街,拥有一栋两层的奴隶拍卖行及监狱,仅仅距离托马斯·杰斐逊,那雄伟的弗吉尼亚州议会大厦,向山下两个街区远
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This is essentially the town hall of Amsterdam.
这就是阿姆斯特丹的市议会大楼的全貌
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And one of the reasons why France ends up with a republic, and not a monarchy,is because these prefects who represent the Republic can go into conservative regions and say, "hey,we didn't really like the way the elections came out last time; your municipal council, uh-uh-uh,a lot of monarchists there.
这也是为什么最终法国成为共和国,而没有成为君主制国家的原因,是因为,代表共和政体的省长可以去守旧地区并说,"嘿,我们并不喜欢上次的选举方式,你们的城市议会,有太多的拥护君主制度者了
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The Apology is a speech given before a large and largely anonymous audience of over 500 persons, the Assembly, the Court.
苏格拉底自辩篇》的听众,是大量匿名,超过，500，人的场合，议会法庭。
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It is a right that attaches to individuals as human beings, even before government comes on the scene, even before parliaments and legislatures enact laws to define rights and to enforce them.
这种权利依附于个体而存在，甚至早于任何政府的建立，甚至早在任何议会和立法机关,制定法律定义权利并强制实施前，就已存在。
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But then the Parliament were made really to run, but the Kings and Queens ruled.
但是，议会成立的目的是为了管理这个国家，而国王和女王是统治这个国家。
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And all they mean is those Christians who believe the kinds of stuff that would later be proclaimed as orthodox in creeds and councils.
它的意思是相信那些东西的基督教徒,后来教义和议会,将称他们为东正教徒。
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Parliament enacts through this legislation a mechanism for the state control of the press.
议会通过立法来实施,一个政府控制出版的机制。
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It's in response to what was deemed to be the chaotic condition of English religious culture that the Presbyterian-led Parliament issued in 1643 the Licensing Act.
这是对被视为英国宗教文化的混乱状况的回应,由长老派领导的议会1643年,颁布的《权法案》
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It doesn't mean the council of the people necessarily, that would suggest something democratic.
它未必就是全体公民的议会,那会带有一些民主的意味
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Middle-class Puritans like John Milton find themselves upholding the authority of Parliament over the authority of King Charles and over the authority of the official Church of England.
中产阶级的清教徒像弥尔顿，发现自己,把议会的职权看得比国王查尔斯的权力要重,甚至比英格兰正式的教会的权力还重要。
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A minority government of revolutionary Puritans had effectively taken control of the state. The radical Puritan Parliament voted to execute the tyrant -- what they considered to be the tyrant, King Charles I -- and to establish its own government.
清教徒革命者组建的少数政府成功的,控制了英国，激进的清教徒议会投票决定,处死暴君--他们认为是暴君的，国王查理一世--并组建自己的政府。
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So, you have these diets and you have these parliaments, but one of the characteristics of absolute rule is that you don't have to call these bodies because the king is the big person.
所以,虽然设有国会,议会,绝对主义国家的特点之一,就是君主不必召开这些代议机构,因为他一人说了算
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As you move later in their history, you find you can guess that there would be councils that were not purely of nobles but might be of wealthy people, but they would always be a minority and come from the upper class.
随着你们进一步了解希腊的历史,你们能轻易猜想到议会组成人员中,不仅仅只有贵族,还有富人,但他们都是来自上层阶级的少数人
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So the emperors would try to call together councils to get them to agree on things. To get them to agree on doctrine, to get them to agree on the canon.
所以皇帝会把议会召集起来,让他们达成一致，达成共同的教义，共同的正典。
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I had mentioned the various factions in Parliament that the Presbyterian Party had to confront: the Independents who are to the left of the Presbyterians.
我已经提过了多种议会中的,长老派需要面对的派系：,变成长老派左派的无党派。
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In a sermon that was preached to Parliament in August of 1644 by Herbert Palmer, it's Milton whose name is cited as one of the as one of those figures most dangerous to the state.
在帕麦尔1644年8月对议会,的宣讲说道中，弥尔顿的名字被认为是,对这个政府最危险的之一。
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It's a freedom that, of course, Parliament had pushed for, but now that they've got it there is some misgiving.
当然，这是一种议会推崇的自由，但是现在他们得到的只是疑虑。
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I mentioned, I don't remember in what context, the other day that the most famous example is the drunken assembly.
我不记得何时何地提到过,最典型的一个案例便是醉酒议会
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There is typically a council of aristocrats; that is the outfit that counts.
只有典型的贵族议会,至少外表上是这样的
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Then he withdraws, eliminates basically all of its rights, and then the Duma will come back later on.
后来他又食言,几乎取消了议会的所有权利,此后杜马又卷土重来
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The Boyars' counsel, that is the counsel of the nobles, literally met in the throne of the palace.
波雅尔议会 也就是贵族们的议会,实际上就在宫殿内举行
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It is fair to argue that non-titled people in England were at the forefront of the victorious role in the civil war that parliament played.
而另一方面,英国的无头衔人群,在议会的内战中,站在了胜利的一方也无可厚非
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Would be-- These would have been aristocratic republics at this stage of the game, and so there would have been a council of nobles that would typically have done it.
就是,这种制度,是贵族共和国的产物,所以拥有这一权利的,应是贵族议会
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He had this thing called the drunken assembly, which was in a way kind of a mockery of parliamentary representations where his cronies would come and just get wasted and would make all sorts of flamboyant proclamations that seemed to represent what a real parliament would do.
他有个被戏称为"酒鬼议会"的东西,这个"酒鬼议会"是对议会代表们的嘲弄,他们也会开会,但不过是浪费时间,还发表一些冠冕堂皇的声明,就好像一个真正的议会似的
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