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So essentially it's something that has to come from within the community, with the support, but it really is an evolution.
所以，从本质上来说，人权观念的改变,必须是在帮助下的群体自发觉悟，而且是一种发展。
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Tell me I think you do a few case studies in this book or this grounded in different communities.
不妨讲讲，我知道你在书里做了些个案研究,或者说是在不同群体中做的。
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In other words, what do I have to do to you to put you in a different group from him?
也就是说，我要对你做什么,才能让你处于一个与他不同的群体？
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You needed the community that makes use of linguistic conventions to acquiesce in a change of use.
你必须得到一个群体对于惯例改变,所做出的默认。
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In any group of people there is a small minority, I want to emphasize small, who just love to do risky things.
任何一个人类群体,总有一小撮人,我说是很少的一部分人,他们很喜欢投机冒险
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Second dimension is, whether this is a general versus a targeted language.
第二个维度是，这个语言的目标群体,是比较大众还是有特定面向群体的。
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It's like a Savings and Loan Association except that credit unions are created by some entity, some club or group, and they're not open to the whole public.
这有点像储贷协会,不同点在于,信用合作社是由某个独立群体所创建的,比如社团或集体组织,它不面向整个社会公众
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There have been cases,gruesome as they may be, in which entire groups of people drink poison together so as to die not alone, but die together,die as part of jointly dying,dying as a group.
有过一些例子，虽然听起来很可怕，一群人一起喝毒药以免孤单的死去，而是共同死亡，作为群体行为的一部分。
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They start to talk about who's most susceptible in the population; who were the most vulnerable groups; and if you're going to do intervention, who you may want to focus your efforts on.
人们开始讨论哪些人是最易受到影响的,哪些是最脆弱的群体,如果要进行干预,应该把注意力集中在哪些人身上
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In this way, by knowing what communities it's in and acting on all of them at once you might be able to eradicate polio in the same way that we eradicated smallpox.
因此,通过知晓疾病的所在群体,并且一次性对整个群体做免疫尝试,也许那就可以像根除天花那样,根除小儿麻痹症
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What I want to talk about here though is a different aspect of how we think about human groups.
但我今天想讲的是,我们对群体的看法的另一个方面。
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There is social, which is the study of how people act in groups, how people act with other people.
还有社会心理学,主要研究人类的群体行为,如何与他人交流
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You obeyed Israelite law and custom, you revered Israelite lore, you entered into the historical community of Israel by accepting that their fate and yours should be the same.
遵守他们的法规和习俗，崇敬他们的经验知识，你通过接受他们与你,命运相同而进入了有历史意义的以色列人群体。
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And I went to the school where I was a member of a very small minority group.
而在我上的大学里,我则属于一个非常小的少数人群体。
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And so the mixed group that would join together to become Israel accepted Yahweh, though perhaps not exclusively, and adopted the national story of the Exodus as its own at some point.
那么这些融合的群体团结起来,成为接受耶和华的以色列，也许并不是排外的，在这时将《出埃及记》纳入变为国家历史故事。
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So, we are talking about a wealthy group, and of course, the thing that struck Schliemann almost amazingly was that in the circle of graves that we've been talking about, he found all kinds of precious things buried.
所以,我们所谈论的是一个富有的群体,当然,令谢里曼为之震惊的是,在这些墓葬圈之中,正如刚才提到的,他找到了品目繁多的奇珍异宝
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Also trying to raise awareness within the community that there are people on the other side we can approach.
并且在你所处的群体提高人们的意识,了解另一端世界的人们是可以接触的。
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But I had family in the New York area, and I wanted to be closer to them, and I wanted to give my daughters the opportunity for a multicultural community environment.
但我在纽约地区有家人，我想靠他们近一些，而且想让我的女儿们有机会,融入多元群体的环境中。
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This idea of being minority is a definition that was put on me by my American community.
属于少数群体“这个想法,是我在美国时,的标签。
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Parole is the unfolding in time of a set of possibilities given in space, that set of possibilities being what Saussure calls "langue."
个人语言是一系列以一定时间顺序排列的,语言的可能的组合，而语言则是一个特定群体共享的“
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Because it's hard when you go back being part of any group. Once you are in that group, and away from other people, it's very hard to remember We've talked that -Oh, have you?
因为如果你回到原来的群体中,就会变得难了，因为你只要一呆在那个群体中，远离其他人，就很难,我们聊过这个，-是吗？
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That's the crucial thing: if they're not willing, the use of the sign doesn't work, which confirms the idea that nothing can be changed simply by individual agency in and of itself.
这很关键：,如果他们自己不愿意使用，符号就没有意义，这也就应证了我们的观点,没有人能单独改变一个群体符号的使用方式。
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There is, of course, a lot of debate about universities like Yale to the extent in which they promote interdependence-- sorry, they promote positive contact between groups.
当然还有很多人讨论像耶鲁这样的大学,在促进人们的互相依赖中所起的作用-,对不起，是促进群体间的正面接触。
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You're a member of these groups and, as we will discuss repeatedly when we talk about social cognition and social behavior, this membership matters a lot to you.
你们都属于其中某些群体,我们以后会反复地谈到,当我们讲社会认知和社会行为时，这种群体隶属对你有很重要的意义。
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It had to be acquiesced in.
这必须得到群体的默认。
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It's a sound of group cohesion against the common enemy.
它是一种群体凝聚的声音,对抗共同的敌人。
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Then we're going to talk exclusively about how we think about other people and then we'll talk about how we think about groups like Harvard students or gay people or black people.
然后我们会专门讲,我们对他人的看法,然后我们会讲我们对群体的看法,例如哈佛学生，同性恋者，黑人。
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