These are molecules that exist naturally in cell membranes and are activated by certain enzymes and kinases generated by receptors.

这些分子存在于细胞膜表面,能被受体激活的某种酶或激酶所活化

耶鲁公开课 - 生物医学工程探索课程节选

You're taking advantage of a promoter system, or a gene activation system, that this species knows about because adult animals can make milk.

我们之所以能利用这个启动子系统,或者称之为可以被这一物种识别的,基因活化系统,是因为成年动物可以泌乳

耶鲁公开课 - 生物医学工程探索课程节选

Then that--those active forms are released from the cell.

然后,那些活化病毒从细胞中释放出来

耶鲁公开课 - 生物医学工程探索课程节选

A reaction performed by one enzyme creates a product that stimulates another enzyme that creates a product, and stimulates another enzyme, and through this cascade of reactions you amplify and carry the signal forward.

一种酶催化生成的产物会活化另一种酶,而它催化的产物又能激活其他酶,催化反应生成另一种产物,通过这层层反应,信号被放大,并不断向前传递

耶鲁公开课 - 生物医学工程探索课程节选

There are 100 of these molecules, when a receptor gets activated a kinase activity gets activated, the kinase acts on the protein, the protein gets switched on, something new starts to happen inside the cell.

有一百个这样的分子,当受体被激活,激酶被激活后,激酶作用于蛋白,使蛋白活化,细胞中就会发生一些新变化

耶鲁公开课 - 生物医学工程探索课程节选

They become activated and they produce, eventually, mature cytotoxic T-cells in large numbers.

细胞毒性T细胞活化后,开始增殖,最终,产生大量成熟的细胞毒性T细胞

耶鲁公开课 - 生物医学工程探索课程节选

If you have two different ligands stimulating two different receptors, and one causes activation of this enzyme and generation of cyclic AMP, cyclic AMP levels will start to rise.

如果有两种不同的配体,刺激不同的受体,一种能够活化酶,并促进生成cAMP,cAMP的水平就会升高

耶鲁公开课 - 生物医学工程探索课程节选