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You take a nine-month-old and for Piaget a nine-month-old is just starting to make sense of objects and their permanence.
你找到一个九个月大的婴儿,在皮亚杰看来,九个月大的婴儿才刚刚发展出,客体以及客体永存性的概念
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Is the mind to be understood in terms of this immaterial object, the soul? So are there two kinds of things?
难道心灵必须得被理解为,一种非物质客体,也就是灵魂吗,这两种东西是一样的吗
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But what they share is the idea that what you are is separable from this physical thing you carry around.
但这些文化却都认为你的本质,和你所寄存的生理客体是互相分离的
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Man was seen as a solitary creature, not inherently a part of society.
人被看做是一个独立的客体,而不天然作为社会的一部分
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There is a whole mystical objectification of these people that's going on, that's allied to the religious strains of this novel, which I'm going to pick up again a little bit later on in my lecture today.
在此有将这些人的神秘感对象化，客体化，这也为小说增添了一些宗教色彩,关于这一点我还会在今天课堂的后部分中提到。
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We are immaterial souls that possess physical bodies, that have physical bodies, that reside in physical bodies, that connect to physical bodies.
我们是拥有生理客体的无形心灵,我们的心灵占据着生理客体,寄居其中,与其形成紧密的联系
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But he could only wave his hands as to how this physical thing in the world could connect to an immaterial mind.
但他只能用挥手这样的动作,来展示现实的生理客体,是如何与无形心理相联系的
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More specifically, dualists like Descartes struggle to explain how a physical body connects to an immaterial soul.
更进一步,像笛卡尔一样的二元论者努力想要解释,生理客体是如何与无形心灵相联系的
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And this was more evidence that they just don't understand objects, and that this thing takes a lot of time and learning to develop.
这更证明了 他们并不理解客体的概念,而这种概念需要通过大量的时间学习,才能够掌握
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Like animals, we possess physical material bodies, but unlike animals, what we are is not physical.
我们和动物一样拥有有形的生理客体,但与动物不同,我们的本质却并非是生理的
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And the physical thing that you carry around can be destroyed while you live on.
你所寄存的生理客体,在有生之年里是可以被毁坏的
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Object permanence is the understanding that things exist when you no longer see them.
客体永存性是指,知道某人或某物虽然现在看不见,但仍然是存在的
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If I went under here and then the people said, "Where the hell did he go? Class is over," that would show a lack of object permanence.
如果我蹲在这里,有人说,"他去哪了,下课了耶",这话就表现出他缺乏客体永存性的概念
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Before Piaget, nobody noticed that babies had this problem tracking and understanding objects.
在皮亚杰之前,并没有人注意到婴儿在追踪和理解客体上,存在着守恒的问题
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Descartes, when he was alive, was reasonable enough concluding that physical objects cannot do certain things.
笛卡尔生前非常理性地总结到,生理客体并不具备完成某些动作的能力
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Well, you're interested in your penis and then you seek an external object.
你会对自己的性器官产生兴趣,之后，你会去寻求外部客体。
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These are words for objects and actions like "Dog" And "Up" And "Milk."
都是些表达客体和动作的词,例如"狗","向上"和"牛奶"
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So, this is known as dualism because the claim is, for humans at least, there are two separate things; there's our material bodies and there's our immaterial minds.
这便是二元论,因为它主张,至少对于人类而言,存在两种独立的成分,即有形的生理客体与无形的心理
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And it could be that babies don't know anything about objects.
这有可能是因为婴儿没有客体的概念
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And it's through this stage that a child gradually comes to acquire object permanence.
在这一阶段,儿童逐渐发展起,客体永存性的概念
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But the most articulate and well-known defender of dualism is the philosopher Rene Descartes, and Rene Descartes explicitly asked a question, "Are humans merely physical machines, merely physical things?"
但是最著名最有影响力的二元论拥护者,则非哲学家勒奈·笛卡尔莫属,勒奈·笛卡尔明确地提出了一个问题,"人类是否仅仅是生理机器,是生理客体而已"
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We know physical objects can do complicated and interesting things.
我们知道生理客体,是能够完成复杂且有趣的活动的
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One final example of an object permanence study.
最后举一个关于客体永存性研究的例子
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An object module and a social module.
也就是客体模块和社会模块
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And to start with some real examples, a lot of this infant research has gone back to the Piagetian question of object permanence, asking, "Is it really true babies don't know that objects remain even when they're out of sight?"
下面给大家介绍一些实例,许多的婴儿研究都回到了,皮亚杰的客体永存性问题上,去探讨,"婴儿是否真的不知道,物体即使离开视线也仍然是存在的"
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So you can no longer say, "Look. Physical things just can't do that" because we know physical things can do a lot and this opens up the possibility that humans are physical things, in particular, that humans are brains.
所以你不能再说,"生理客体是无法做到的",因为我们知道生理客体可以做到很多,这也增加了人类就是生理客体的可能性,更详细的说,人类就是大脑
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It's an interesting question as to whether he really explains how a child goes from a concrete thinker to an abstract thinker, or how he goes from not having object permanence to understanding object permanence.
问题是,他是否真的解释了,儿童思维是如何从具体向抽象转变的,或是真的解释了,儿童的客体永存性概念是如何从无到有的
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So, adults have object permanence.
成年人是拥有客体永存性概念的
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That's object permanence.
这就是客体永存性
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There is considerable evidence for different forms of innate knowledge and innate desires and we'll look--and we'll talk about it in detail when we look at case studies like language learning, the development of sexual preference, the developing understanding of material objects.
大量不同形式的证据,证明了先天知识和先天欲望的存在,当我们讲到语言学习，性偏好发展,以及物质客体理解的发展，等主题的个案研究时，会来细讲这些证据。
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