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Okay, now the polis from the beginning, and it never stopped being what I'm about to say, chiefly agricultural communities.
好的,现在这些城邦开始了,我即将说到的,永无止息的社区化进程,主要在农业方面
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And yeah, so that's what I'm minoring in, like gardening and farming stuff like that.
那就是我正在辅修的课程，园艺和农业类的课程。
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The food guide pyramid was the government's effort, put through by the U.S. Department of Agriculture about what people should eat optimally.
食物金字塔是政府努力的结果,它是由美国农业部提出的,关于人们最佳饮食结构的建议
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Agriculture was overwhelmingly the activity, the most important activity of the people of that area, of any area.
绝大多数经济活动是农业活动,农业对该地区,甚至任何地区的人民来说,都是最重要的活动
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They have, along with the English-- and these two facts are elated-- ran agricultural revolution.
他们的做法和英格兰的一样,这两件事是有关联的,爆发了农业革命
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And even they agree income has gone up that remains untaxed, more important becasuse agriculture incomes are not that high and the moral case for taxing people who are not growing as fast as...is not that strong.
即使政府承认农业收入的,增加部分未征税，更重要的是,农业收入并不是很高,正常情况下不该向收入增长速度,低于农业收入增长速度的人群收税。
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The problem is that if you want to do risk-sharing, you're not, ideally, sharing with someone who's just like you living in Israel, working in a certain agricultural industry-- because there are lots of risks that you've already shared.
如果你真的想要达到风险分摊的效果，理论上说，就不应该只和与你的同伴,比如同住在以色列，一样从事农业的人来分摊-,因为你们承担的许多风险是正相关的。
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I'm minoring in urban agriculture.
我辅修的是都市农业。
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I think of nineteenth-century art as being horizontal and stretched out like agricultural life in New England.
我觉得19世纪的艺术应该是,水平的，就像新英格兰伸展开来的农业。
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One of the things that come with the development of this kind of agriculture as the polis is coming into being is slavery.
这种小家庭农业的发展,是随着各城邦开始采用,奴隶制度而发展起来的
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For example, a portion of pasta according to the U.S. Department of Agriculture would be about the amount of pasta that would be the size of a tennis ball.
比如说,意大利面的每日摄入量,根据美国农业部,是如此的份量,大概和网球一样大小
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There is a palace economy, there is a script, there is a bureaucracy, and there is collectivized agriculture under the central control of the economy.
有王宫经济,有文字,有官僚制度,有中央集权经济下的,集体农业
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This is important, because it's the black earth region of rich agriculture there.
这是很重要的一点,因为他们住在农业发达的黑土地区
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And we'll talk about how modern agriculture affects us.
我们还会讲到现代农业会对我们的影响
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The way these things work, when you are engaged in agriculture, it's natural to go first to that soil, to that patch of land which is known to be likely to produce the best land, the most fertile, the best product, the most fertile land there is.
这一方式是这样运作的,当你从事农业,你自然而然的会首先关注土壤因素,去找出已知土地中最为肥沃的那一块,土地越肥沃,产量越高,就越追求更为肥沃的土地
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Remember the ancient near eastern kingdoms and their collectivized agriculture, control from the center, the individuals who carry out the farming or the grazing.
大家应该还记得这个古老的,近东王国,记得他们的采集农业,记得他们的中央集权,记得其民众所从事的农耕业和游牧业
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But there is ample room for increasing revenue intake...India's agriculture sector for example, remains largely untaxed.
但还有足够的空间,提升政府的收入，比如说,印度的农业，大都不征税。
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Again, you probably didn't come expecting to hear about farming, but farming is where the food starts and we need to understand that world.
同样地,你们可能没听说过农业,农业是食品的起点,我们需要了解这个领域
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Now most of you probably didn't come to Yale thinking you were going to learn about farms, but if you take this class you will.
估计没有多少人来耶鲁,是为了学习有关农业的知识的,但你上了这门课之后你会想了解的
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There are changes in food and agriculture that made a number of things possible.
食物和农业的发展,使得很多事情变得可能
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If you look at the percent of time people in society were involved in various activities and broken into agriculture versus everything else, in ancient Egypt it looked like this.
如果你留意一下,人们从事各种社会活动的时间比例,被分为农业生产和其他活动两类,在古埃及,时间分配是这样的
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There was no regulation about it, but we are talking not about the emergence of an agricultural aristocracy, but we are talking about the emergence of an agricultural community of small family farms.
这里面没有特定的规律,但是我们现在讨论的,不是一个农业贵族的产生,而是谈论关于小家庭,农作村社是如何产生的
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What is inescapable is farmers are a sociological category of people, different from non-farmers in all kinds of critical ways, and it is just an example of how this whole business has disappeared.
不可否认的是,农业人口是一种社会学对人口的分类,和非农业人口是完全不同的,这只不过是,整个产业走向消亡的一个例子罢了
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Farms are an interesting part of this.
农业扮演了一个非常有趣的角色
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As Hanson says, thus arose the kleros, or the idea of a privately held plot attached not to any one person, but rather in perpetuity to a single farm family or oikos.
如汉森所言,kleros兴起了,或是说有了私有土地,而不再属于单个人的观念产生了,也可永久的属于单个的农业家庭或者领主
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They have an agricultural revolution, investment in commercialized agriculture, and increase in the production in rural areas.
英国也进行了农业革命,他们还对商品化的农作物进行投资,使得乡村地区的产量有了很大的提高
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This has to do a lot with politics, so some of the political issues we'll talk about in the class will be agriculture subsidies.
必须在政策方面做很多工作,在课堂上我们会讲到,一些关于农业补贴的政策
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I think the picture he paints of farming reminds us of the picture that Homer pays of human condition as explained in the pot-- the two jars of Zeus.
我认为他构建的这幅农业图景,让我们回想起荷马买到的,刻有人之本质画面的,两口宙斯的陶罐
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Agriculture subsidies in the European Union affect the politics of subsidies here and that affects the costs of food and what we pay for them at the market.
欧盟对农业的补贴政策影响了,美国的政策,进而影响了食品的价格,而在市场上我们会为此付出代价
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No, they grow up like the Athenian does, right smack in the middle of a plain, which is a good place for farming, with a great high acropolis available.
它们和雅典的扩展方式类似,在一个平原的中心扎根,因为那里适合农业生产,然后建起一座高大的卫城
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