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(OMITTED) Your brain registers pain through neurons,special cells that wind through the body.
VOA: standard.2010.05.04
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You've got the flu, you've got influenza in your upper respiratory tract, your cells are making more influenza.
你就此得了流感,你得了上呼吸道流感,你的细胞正在制造更多流感病毒
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So instead of carrying oxygen to your cells, you're carrying cyanide to your cells.
因此，运到你的细胞的不是氧，而是氰化物。
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Yes. Onion root tip cells, that's what's on your slides right now.
VOA: standard.other
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Where your cells experience those states is through these extra cellular ligands called insulin and glucagon.
细胞所经历的这些状态改变是受,胰岛素和胰高血糖素这些外源配体影响
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You could imagine that you've got virus that's propagating inside your cells, making more and more virus, your immune system really responds well to that.
你可以想象,病毒在你的体细胞内繁殖,数量越来越多,你的免疫系统对此反应非常之强烈
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You can do many post-translational modifications; your cells are capable of doing many post-translational modifications.
你能完成很多种类的翻译后修饰,你的细胞能完成很多种类的,翻译后修饰
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Because it infects your cells and reproduces, your immune system responds much more vigorously.
由于它会感染你的细胞并且繁殖,所以你的免疫系统会有很强烈的反应
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Then, you could get the Hepatitis B protein expressed in your cells.
那样的话,就可以令,乙肝病毒蛋白质在细胞中进行表达
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The main function of all your cells, and all your tissues, and all your organs is to maintain this homeostasis, which allows you to live in a changing environment.
你所有细胞,所有的组织,所有的器官最主要的功能,就是维护这个内稳态,使你能够以不变应万变
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Now, a virus is not capable of reproducing on its own, so if you got a virus into your body somehow and it didn't enter any of your cells, it would cause no damage because it could not reproduce.
病毒自身并不能繁殖,所以如果你的身体感染了病毒,而病毒没有进入细胞的话,因其不能繁殖所以不会对身体造成伤害
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And your cells making transfer RNA, if they make a transfer RNA molecule that has here, they only put leucine at the other end.
你的细胞在生成tRNA的过程中,如果生成的tRNA序列是GAG,那它的另一端携带的就只能是亮氨酸
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Because it has MHC-1, your MHC-1 on it, this T-cell recognizes that it's one of your cells but it has a foreign antigen associated with it.
因为该细胞上有MHC-1,T细胞将这些细胞识别为自身细胞,但这些细胞带有异己抗原
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MHC1 is a word, MHC stands for major histocompatibility complex and it's one of the things that distinguishes my cells from your cells, from your parents cells, from your roommates cells.
HC1这个词,MHC代表主要组织相容性复合体,通过它可以区分你和我的细胞,也可以区分你和你父母,及你室友的细胞
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Because HIV is an RNA virus and if it enters your cell the only way it can replicate, it can put its DNA into your cells, is by first making DNA out of its RNA genome.
因为HIV是RNA病毒,如果它进入你的细胞,它复制自己的唯一方式,它能把自己的DNA转入你的细胞,方法是先用自己的,RNA基因组制造出DNA
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A section of DNA that is responsible for encoding a gene, let's say it's the insulin gene for example, might be some stretch of DNA on a certain chromosome inside your cells, inside the cells of the pancreas.
一段编码蛋白的DNA序列,我们就拿编码胰岛素的基因来举个例子,它也许是一段DNA基因序列,位于你胰腺细胞里的,某条染色体上
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Most cells in your body have insulin receptors so insulin is starting to bind to insulin receptors on those cells.
体内大多数细胞中都有胰岛素受体,胰岛素就开始与细胞上的胰岛素受体结合
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Adrenaline is another one, produced by cells in your adrenal gland but used by cells all over your body.
肾上腺素是另一个例子,肾上腺素由肾上腺细胞分泌,但全身各处的细胞都能利用它
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They're everywhere in cells throughout your body and they are responsible for lots of the biochemistry of cell/cell interaction and signaling.
它们在身体各处的细胞中都有,并负责很多细胞间的相互作用,及信号转导的生化过程
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So, they don't start killing all the cells in your respiratory system; they only kill the cells that are harboring the virus.
所以它们不会杀死所有呼吸系统内的细胞,只杀死那些被病毒感染的细胞
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You know probably that within your bone marrows there's populations of cells, there are different kinds of cells within the bone marrow.
你也许知道的,在你的骨髓里,有许多种细胞,骨髓中有不同种类的细胞
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You don't want to generate a lot of cells that just start killing every cell inside your body.
你可不会希望产生一大堆这样的细胞,在你体内大开杀戒
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So, there are cells in your pancreas which recognize glucose levels and they secrete insulin in response.
你的胰腺细胞能够,识别血糖水平,并分泌胰岛素作为反馈
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Well, insulin is a protein, it's produced by cells in the pancreas, it circulates in your blood.
胰岛素是一种蛋白质,由胰腺细胞分泌,随着血液不断在体内循环
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If we injected it into a muscle let's say, and your muscle cells took up this plasmid.
比如说,如果我们将其注射入肌肉内,则肌肉细胞就可以吸收这些质粒
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One of the things that happens is that certain cells within your body process the vaccine or the antigen and we talked about that.
在人体内,发生的反应之一是,特定的细胞对疫苗或者抗原做出反应,之前我们讨论过这个
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All the cells in your body have the capability of making all the proteins that you make, but they're not all made in every cell.
你体内的所有细胞,都有表达体内所有种类的蛋白的能力,但细胞并不会表达所有的蛋白质
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You breathe it in, it infects the cells of your respiratory tract, and the virus begins to reproduce, and then it spreads throughout your body.
你将之吸入,病原体感染了呼吸道细胞,病毒开始繁殖,接着传遍你的全身
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The innate immune system composed of neutrophils and macrophages; these are cells that are crawling around your body all the time ready to eat bacteria.
它由嗜中性粒细胞和巨噬细胞构成,这些细胞不断在周身蠕行,准备吞噬细菌
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So, what that really means, you know, from last week's lecture, is that the vaccine stimulates these particular cells in your immune system to give you immunity.
所以,这就意味着,通过上周的课程,你们知道,疫苗通过刺激免疫系统中的,特定细胞来使人获得免疫力
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