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So now, the enzyme is locked up with being built, and the penicillin has effectively killed the bacteria.
所以这是我第一次感受到,我想在单个原子的层面上思考这些分子,所以这时我的专业转到了化学方向。
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So if I tell you that the energy for single hydrogen atom is negative 13 12 kilojoules per mole.
如果我告诉大家单个氢原子的能量,是负的，1312，千焦每摩尔。
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Now, instead of talking about individual particles, we talk about ensembles of particles.
现在，我们不讨论单个的粒子，我们讨论粒子群。
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It would definitely be wrong if we were doing this because little sanity check if you just got the single one it means what instead?
如果我们这样做就是错误的,一个小检查,如果你用单个“=“，是什么意思？
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Now if the spinal cord is injured, for example, what we propose to do is to tap into the electrical signals associated with individual neurons.
现在，如果脊髓受到伤害，我们建议去接近与单个神经元,相联系的电子信号。
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It tells how--there's a conforming loan limit that is a limit on how much Fannie and Freddie -how big a mortgage they can make to one homeowner.
两者都有一个贷款限额标准,也就是限定房利美和房地美,面向单个购房者的抵押贷款额度
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This is a picture of patch clamp, it's a device that engineers built to fasten onto individual cells in order to look at how molecules in the membrane of the cell are working, and I'll talk a little bit about that as we go along.
这是膜片钳的图片,工程师使用该装置固定单个细胞,由此观察,细胞膜中的分子怎样活动,在以后的课中我还会谈到这方面内容
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As Hanson says, thus arose the kleros, or the idea of a privately held plot attached not to any one person, but rather in perpetuity to a single farm family or oikos.
如汉森所言,kleros兴起了,或是说有了私有土地,而不再属于单个人的观念产生了,也可永久的属于单个的农业家庭或者领主
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So we haven't gotten to molecules yet, we're just talking about single atoms or single ions, but what's nice is just talking about this very straightforward principle of atomic radius.
我们还没有开始讲分子，我们仍然只是在讨论单个原子或离子，但它的好处在于可以讨论,这个关于原子半径的非常简单直接的原理。
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People are very comfortable talking about individual photons, but now we can talk about waves of matter.
人们能轻松的,讨论单个光子，现在我们要说物质波了。
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What we've seen is we have a net lowering of energy of the molecule versus the individual atoms.
分子轨道对于单个原子轨道来说,我们可以看到的是一个净的能量降低。
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We can already use that in terms of single ions to think about a really complex biological issue, which is to talk about ion channels.
我们已经能够仅仅凭借这个关于单个离子的原理,来讨论一个非常复杂的生物问题了，我们要讨论的就是离子通道。
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I just showed you that you can have a single wave, a double, a triple and so on.
我想说的是你能得到单个波，双波，三条波等等。
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And what you can see directly from looking at this energy level diagram, is that the molecule that we have is now more stable in the individual atoms.
你从直接看,能级图中会发现，分子比单个的,原子能量更低。
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So let's compare what some of the similarities and differences are between hydrogen atom orbitals, which we spent a lot of time studying, and now these one electron orbital approximations for these multi-electron atoms.
很长时间的氢原子轨道和,现在多电子原子中,的单个电子轨道近似，我们可以对比，它们之间,的相似性和不同。
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So, in fact, yes, we did confirm that these covalent bond, at least in the case of hydrogen, we have confirmed by the numbers that we are at a lower energy state when we talk about the bonded atom versus the individual atom.
因此，事实上，是的，我们证实了共价键，至少在氢这种情况下，我们通过数据证实了,成键的原子处于能量更低的状态,当其与单个的原子相对比时。
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That makes sense because we know that every single electron has to have its own distinct set of four quantum numbers, the only way that we can do that is to have a maximum of two spins in any single orbital or two electrons per orbital.
那个讲得通,因为我们知道每一个电子,都有它自己独特的量子数,我们能做的唯一方式是,在任一单个轨道中最多有两个自旋电子,或者每个轨道有两个电子。
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This means there is no more chicken and egg.
这意味着不再有单个的鸡和蛋了。
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And that is not true for one electron atoms.
对于单个原子来说，不是这样的。
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And that's all that's big enough to pass through or small enough to pass through. And if we go up even just one row on the periodic table to potassium, what we actually see is now that it's going to be too large, and, in fact, a potassium solvated with one water molecule won't go through our channel.
就是这样刚好大到它通过,或者说刚好小到它通过,即使我们再沿着周期表往下走仅仅一行到钾离子，我们看到的就将是它的个头太大了，实际上，溶解于一个水分子的单个钾离子,不能穿过我们的通道。
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So that's going to be the end of the exam 1 material, and then we'll move on to exam 2 material, which is kind of exciting, because we've been talking about just individual atoms and ions up to this point, and now we can talk about molecules, so we're going to start talking about bonding.
到此为止就是第一次考试的内容，接下来我们会开始讲第二次考试的内容，这些内容令人有点兴奋，因为我们一直都只是在讨论单个的原子,和离子到目前为止，而现在我们可以讨论分子了，要开始讨论成键的问题了。
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So for some you that are less interested in maybe the physical structure of an individual atom, now some more exciting material for you might be coming up if you like to think about how, instead, molecules behave, either within bonding, within themselves, or with other molecules, that's what we're going to be heading to in this next unit.
那么对于某些同学，你们或许不感兴趣,对于单个原子的物理结构，现在可能有令你感到兴奋的内容,要出现了，如果你更喜欢思考,分子的行为，或者是关于成键的，或者是关于它们本身的，又或者与其它分子之间的行为，这些将是我们下个单元要讲的内容。
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But, part of the reason I think is, globalization is creating a global culture and the excitement and enthusiasm that we once saw in isolated cities, like Los Angeles, are spreading out and are seen more and more around the world.
不过,我认为原因之一是,全球化塑造了全球性的文化,原来只存在于单个城市,例如洛杉矶,的狂热与激情,扩散到了全世界各地
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And what you see when we see it with our eye, which is all the wavelengths, of course, mixed together, is whichever those wavelengths is most intense. So, when we looked at the individual neon lines, it was the orange colors that was most intense, which is why we were seeing kind of a general orange glow with the neon, which is different from what we see with the hydrogen.
当你们用眼睛看时，当然看到的是全波长，是混在一起来，看到的是最强的那些波长，当我们看单个氖谱线时，橙色是最强的,所以我们看氖光整体是橙色的,这和氢气是不一样的。
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And I want to really highlight here we're talking about for a hydrogen atom orbitals - with the same n value have the same energy.
我想强调的是,我们所说的,都是对单个的氢原子,和言的,对于同样的n值能量相同。
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And by state we just mean orbital, so if we're looking at the p orbitals here, x that means that a single electron goes in x, and then it will go in the z orbital before a second one goes in the x orbital.
我们说的态仅仅意味着轨道，所以如果我们观察这里的p轨道，那意味着单个电子进入，然后它会进入z轨道,在它第二个进入x之前。
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Well it's a stupid looking program, but because I had more new line characters, and because I was using percent C, for individual characters, one per line, now I'm seeing dot slash ARG V2, well, now if I go ahead and rerun this with foo, I get this effect as well.
这是一个看起来很笨的程序，但是因为我有更多的新行代码，因为我使用的是%c，为单个字符使用的，每一行一个，现在我看到的是，/argv2，好的，现在如果我继续用foo返回它，我产生了这样的效果。
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You do that together with primers and with nucleotides, because if you're going to synthesize DNA you need the raw material of DNA, you need the individual nucleotides.
同时把引物和核苷酸放进去,因为合成DNA需要原料,你需要单个的核苷酸
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So this is just the idea that the most electrons that you can have in a single orbital is two electrons.
这个观点是在一个单个的轨道中,最多容纳两个电子。
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