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But dualism doesn't so much offer the explanation typically as just say, "Well, maybe we'd be better off positing something immaterial."
但是二元论还没有给出,这样的解释,也许我们假设非物质的存在会好一些
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So these are the two basic positions: the dualist view on the one hand, the physicalist view on the other.
以上就是两种基本的理论,一种是二元论的观点,另一种是物理主义的观点
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A lot rests on it, but as Crick points out; the scientific consensus now is that dualism is wrong.
很多人都信奉它,但正如克里克所指出的,如今的科学共识认为二元论是错误的
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It is a declaration of absolute interdependency among the things that we understand in binary terms but that we take somehow one to be causative of the other when we think about them.
这是在宣布事物之间的绝对的相互性,我们能在二元关系上理解这些事,但是我们惯常于把一个是当成另一个的原因。
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So although I'm trying to sketch the dualist position, as I explained on Tuesday, I don't myself believe in souls.
尽管我在尝试去概述,二元论的观点,就像我在周二所说的,我自己并不相信灵魂
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One possible explanation, the dualist, that's the ghost of your mother, immaterial soul that she is, communicating to you while you're asleep.
一个可能的解释,二元论者会说,那是你妈妈的鬼魂,她是一个非物质的灵魂,在你睡觉的时候跟你交流
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And dualism simply says, "It's all nonphysical, it's part of the ether," and hence fails to explain it.
二元论只是说,"心灵是无形的,是世界的一部分",因此并不能给出合理的解释
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if we had a dualist explanation with some details really worked out, maybe we'd have to say, "Look, this is the better explanation."
如果我们拥有一个,既可行又详尽的二元论解释,也许我们就会说,看哪,这才是更好的解释
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And he used this argument as a way to support dualism, as a way to support the idea that bodies and minds are separate.
他用这一论据来支持二元论,来支持身心二元的观点
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Voice and writing, by the way, are not a stable binary.
顺道说一句，声音和文字不是稳定的二元系统。
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I don't feel I've got any sort of account going here as to how consciousness works, even if I become a dualist.
我觉得就算我是一个二元论者,我也还是不懂这番对于意识的解释
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The reason I think it doesn't follow trivially is because, remember, I said we're dealing with interactionist dualism.
我认为它并非自然地得出结论的原因是,记住,我们在和心物交互二元论打交道
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But I don't think what we should say is, "The better explanation lies with the dualist."
但我们也不能说,二元论的解释更好
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So that's I think the position that we ought to ascribe to the dualist.
所以我认为,这应归入二元论者的立场
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Now, I think the best response on the part of the dualist to this reply is to distinguish two aspects of feelings, two aspects of emotions.
现在,我认为二元论者对这一答复的,最好回应,就是区分感受的两方面,情绪的两个方面
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As always with philosophy, there's more complicated versions of dualism where maybe the interaction doesn't work both ways, but let's just limit ourselves to good, old-fashioned, two-way interactionist dualism.
但由于我们在说的是哲学,二元论还持有更为复杂的观点,例如,交互作用对双方都不起作用,但就让我们限制在一个范围内较好,保守的,双向互动二元论观点
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But the most articulate and well-known defender of dualism is the philosopher Rene Descartes, and Rene Descartes explicitly asked a question, "Are humans merely physical machines, merely physical things?"
但是最著名最有影响力的二元论拥护者,则非哲学家勒奈·笛卡尔莫属,勒奈·笛卡尔明确地提出了一个问题,"人类是否仅仅是生理机器,是生理客体而已"
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I don't actually think that the dualist view is correct.
我并不相信二元论的正确性
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One thing is our dualism is enmeshed in our language.
首先,二元论镶嵌于我们的语言之中
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There are no stable binaries in Derrida.
在德里达的理论中没有稳定的二元系统。
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More specifically, dualists like Descartes struggle to explain how a physical body connects to an immaterial soul.
更进一步,像笛卡尔一样的二元论者努力想要解释,生理客体是如何与无形心灵相联系的
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And yet for all that dualists could consistently say, still same soul as not the key to personal identity, same personality is the key to personal identity.
所有的二元论者都可以坚持认为,同样的灵魂并非,人格同一性的关键，同样的人格,才是人格同一性的关键。
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If the very idea of soul that we're working with here under the dualist picture is the soul as an immaterial substance, it's not made of ordinary atomic matter.
如果关于我们正在讨论的,观点是建立在二元论的基础上,即灵魂是非物质实体,它并非由一般的原子物质组成
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Some fact about us that calls out for explanation, and the claim on the part of the dualists was, we couldn't explain it without appealing to a soul.
有些关于我们的事实需要解释,而二元论者的主张是,如果不诉诸灵魂,我们就无法解释这些
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And this is no surprise if what we are is the workings of our physical brains, but it is extremely difficult to explain if one is a dualist.
如果我们的本质就是生理大脑的活动,那这也就没什么可惊奇的,但对于二元论者来说,解释这些却是非常困难的
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The dualist can explain that by appealing to ghosts and the like.
二元论者可以诉诸鬼魂之类的来解释
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The question we need to turn to-- I take it that just as the dualist view is a familiar one, so it's true that the physicalist view is a familiar one.
需要注意的是,如果说二元论是一种熟知的观点,那么物理主义的观点其实也很常见
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Our dualism shows up in intuitions about personal identity.
二元论揭示了直觉上的人格同一性
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One reason is dualism has always had its problems.
原因之一即二元论总是有自身的局限性
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No harm would be done if we call it a mind, though the reason I will typically talk about a soul is to try to flag the crucial point of the dualist view.
我们叫它心灵是完全可以的,我之所以重点强调,灵魂是为了,标识出二元论的重要论点
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