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When we finished last time, we were looking at John Stuart Mill's attempt to reply to the critics of Bentham's Utilitarianism.
上节课结束时，我们讲到约翰·斯图尔特·穆勒试图回应,对边沁功利主义的批判。
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Does it support Bentham's idea that all goods, all values can be captured according to a single uniform measure of value?
它是不是支持了边沁的观点,认为所有利益，所有价值都可以,用统一的方式衡量？
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He started out by observing that all of us, all human beings are governed by two sovereign masters: pain and pleasure.
边沁通过观察得出，所有人类均受两大至高无上的因素所支配：,痛苦与快乐。
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You think Bentham is wrong to say the right thing to do is to add up the collective happiness?
你认为边沁是错的吗,他说正确之举就是，增加集体大众的幸福？
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The Benthamite utilitarian says everybody's preferences count and they count regardless of what people want, regardless of what makes different people happy.
边沁功利主义者认为每个人的偏好都有意义,不论人们所欲何为，不论其喜好各有不同。
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The so-called "Higher pleasures or nobler virtues" are simply those, according to Bentham, that produce stronger, longer pleasure.
所谓“更高级快乐或更高贵美德“,在边沁看来不过是更持久更强烈的快乐。
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For Bentham, all that matters, you'll remember, are the intensity and the duration of a pleasure or pain.
对边沁来说，要记住，真正重要的，是快乐或痛苦的强度和持续时间。
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His father, James Mill, was a disciple of Bentham's, and James Mill set about giving his son, John Stuart Mill, a model education.
他的父亲詹姆斯·穆勒是边沁的追随者，詹姆斯·穆勒决心以边沁为榜样，教育自己的儿子穆勒。
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Who's to say, a Benthamite might argue, who is to say which of these pleasures, whose pleasures are higher, worthier, nobler than others?
边沁主义者也许会问，谁能说这些快乐中，谁的更高级，更有价值或者更高贵呢？
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Bentham tells us happiness, or more precisely, utility maximizing utility as a principle not only for individuals but also for communities and for legislators.
边沁说，应最大化幸福，或更精确来说，最大化功利,功利最大化原则，不只针对个人,也适用于共同体及立法者。
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He makes it clear that utility is the only standard of morality, in his view, so he's not challenging Bentham's premise. He's affirming it.
明确指出功利是道德的唯一标准，在他看来，他并没有质疑边沁的前提，而是肯定此观点。
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Bentham's utilitarianism is sometimes summed up with the slogan "The greatest good for the greatest number."
边沁的功利主义有时被总结为一句口号,为最多的人谋求最大的幸福“
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As for Jeremy Bentham, who launched utilitarianism as a doctrine in moral and legal philosophy, 85 Bentham died in 1832 at the age of 85.
杰里米·边沁，确立了功利主义,作为道德和法律哲学学说的地位，边沁死于1832年，享年。
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And starting next time, we're going to read Bentham and John Stuart Mill, utilitarian philosophers.
下讲开始，我们将开始阅读边沁,约翰·斯图尔特·穆勒等功利主义哲学家的著作。
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You see, before he died, Bentham addressed himself to a question consistent with his philosophy.
在他死之前，边沁身体力行了他自己的哲学。
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Last time, we began to consider some objections to Jeremy Bentham's version of utilitarianism.
上节课，我们开始思考一些,对杰里米·边沁功利主义的反对观点。
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Bentham says we have to consider the welfare, the utility, the happiness of everybody.
边沁说我们必须得考虑,大众的福祉，功利，大家的幸福。
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So here are the objections to Bentham's utilitarianism and now, we turn to someone who tried to respond to those objections, a latter-day utilitarian, John Stuart Mill.
以上就是对边沁功利主义的异议,现在再来看看另一位,他试图回应这些异议，近代功利主义者约翰·斯图尔特·穆勒。
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All right, so you come down in the straight Benthamite side.
好，你直接站到了边沁主义者那一边。
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Last time, we began to consider Bentham's version of utilitarianism.
上节课，我们开始,思考边沁的功利主义。
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You want to see what Bentham looks like stuffed?
你们想看被填充了的边沁什么样吗？
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What, after all, is a community?" Bentham asks.
边沁问，到底什么是共同体。
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Pushpin is as good as poetry", Bentham says.
针戏与诗一样好，边沁说。
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And with the arguments about the lifeboat in mind, the arguments for and against what Dudley and Stephens did in mind, let's turn back to the philosophy, the utilitarian philosophy of Jeremy Bentham.
带着对救生艇上发生事件的讨论，即对达德利和斯蒂芬斯行为赞同与否的讨论，让我们再回归，杰里米·边沁的功利主义哲学。
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Bentham arrives at this principle by the following line of reasoning: We're all governed by pain and pleasure, they are our sovereign masters, and so any moral system has to take account of them.
边沁是这样论证这一原则的：,我们都受到痛苦和快乐的支配，苦乐是我们至高无上的主宰，因此任何道德体系都应考虑到它们。
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Bentham was born in England in 1748.
边沁，1748年生于英格兰。
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Well, then Bentham has to be wrong.
那边沁就得是错的。
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Think back to Bentham.
想想边沁的理论。
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