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Thermodynamicstalks about equilibrium systems and how to go from one state of equilibrium to another state of equilibrium.
热力学研究的是平衡系统,以及如何,从一个平衡态转变到另一个平衡态。
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And you just find that sort of equilibrium.
你就是找到了那一种平衡。
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And the cause of some thermodynamics have even been applied to economics, systems out of equilibrium, like big companies like Enron, you know, completely out of equilibrium, crash and burn.
热力学中的一些观点,甚至被应用到经济学中，非平衡态系统，比如像安永那样大公司,彻底偏离平衡态,最后破产了。
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And so the balance of the attractive term and the repulsive term eventually leads us to this situation where we have the equilibrium spacing.
在吸引力,和排斥的共同作用下,得到这种结果,即空间上的平衡。
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Normally, we do these things to keep an equilibrium among the different systems of the unconscious, but sometimes it doesn't work.
一般来说，我们会运用这些机制,去维持无意识系统的平衡，但有时防御机制也会不起作用。
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So from the point of view of the producers, this Cournot Equilibrium is worse than monopoly, but better than perfect competition.
从生产者的角度来看,古诺均衡劣于垄断,优于完全竞争
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What extracellular matrix you have in any particular tissue is there because there's a balance between it being produced by one kind of cell and digested by another, and you're in this sort of state of dynamic equilibrium.
特定组织中,细胞外基质的多少,取决于一个,分泌与降解的平衡,这是一种动态的平衡关系
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So let's start by writing down our definition of equilibrium.
一开始,我们先写出平衡的定义。
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So that's a big help. And equilibrium happens when there isn't any possible change of state that would satisfy this.
这个非常方便，当所有的变化,都无法满足这个公式的时候,系统就达到了平衡。
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The partial pressure of the water, of gaseous water above that equilibrium of ice and water is not one bar, it's much less.
哪里错了吗？,问题在于,冰水混合物上方的,大气中水蒸气的分压，不是一个大气压。
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In the case here, tha t I just illustrated with the little cart going down the valley, would be exactly the same with regular energy, the equilibrium state is one of lowest energy, right.
在现在所考虑的情况下,我刚才所描述的小车沿着山谷下行，结论会像能量判据一样，平衡态是能量最低的态。
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In those cases, though, you'd have quite a reasonable equilibrium, spontaneously that is there would be a lot of reaction that went if you simply started under practical conditions and let it go.
你也会得到平衡，尽管在这种情况下你得到了一个,自发的，合理的平衡,这是在正常条件下进行的,许多化学反应的情况。
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So if I get rid of these arrows, there's no heat flowing because they're in thermal equilibrium, then I can't have an arrow here.
所以如果我擦去这些箭头，没有热流存在,因为它们处于热平衡，那么这里也不能存在一个箭头。
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And we reasoned that these two eventually reach some kind of an equilibrium separation which we are using lowercase r to represent.
我们推导,这两个最终能达到,某种平衡分离,我们用小写的r代表。
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In the case of the Investor Game last week, every player preferred one equilibrium to the other.
比如上一讲投资博弈中,每个参与人都偏好同一个均衡
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Now that's not always going to happen but it's kind of a nice feature about Nash Equilibrium.
虽然这不总会发生,但这也是纳什均衡的一个亮点
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and added a structure of math upon it, to build this edifice, which is a very solid edifice of thermodynamics as a science of equilibrium systems.
了这座热力学的坚固大厦，这是一门，平衡态系统,的科学。
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So this is a system which is out of equilibrium.
所以这是一个不平衡的系统。
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So, these on-changing properties that describe the state of the equilibrium state of the system are called state variables.
这些描述,系统平衡态的,变化的属性,就叫做状态变量。
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And so what I get is the energy of the system at the equilibrium separation is given by minus z plus.
这就是通过减去z+得到得平衡分离时,我得到的能量体系。
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If I've got a gas in a container, the pressure of the gas has to be the same everywhere in the container, otherwise it's not equilibrium.
如果把气体装进容器里，容器内各处气体的压强,应该是一样的，否则它就不是平衡的。
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So I just want to use that again and again, starting from that, for various different sorts of conditions andderive the criterion for equilibrium in each set of conditions.
所以我将会一遍又一遍地使用这个公式，从这个公式出发，在各种条件了,推导出,任意条件下的平衡条件。
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And so the set of properties that describes system equilibrium doesn't change.
这些描述系统的属性,平衡是不变的。
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As an exercise in finding Nash Equilibrium, by this stage in the course most of you are looking at that saying, that wasn't hard.
作为寻找纳什均衡的一个练习,在此阶段,你们中的大多数人都会说,那不难
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Of course there are lots of states that would have maybe local pockets of one substance in excess and another substance in excess somewhere else In other words, there would be lots of states nearby to the equilibrium state.
当然，我们有很多的态,这些态中，某些位置被一种气体完全占据,另外一些位置被另一种气体完全占据,换句话说,在平衡态附近有很多的态。
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How many of you have heard the term Nash Equilibrium before?
有多少人听说过纳什均衡
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How do we know that's the Nash Equilibrium of that game?
我们怎么知道1是纳什均衡呢
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And the triple point of water is 16K that temperature and pressure - there's a unique temperature and pressure where water exists in equilibrium between the liquid phase, the vapor phase, and the solid phase.
与水的三相点,我们定义它为273。,水的三相点,是一个特定的温度和压强,可以使水的液态，气态和固态三相共同达到平衡，三相点是液态。
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If I look at different points in my container during that path, I'm going to have to use a different value of pressure or different value of temperature That's not an equilibrium state, and that process turns out then to be an irreversible process.
如果我要研究在路径中容器里的,不同的点，我就得在容器里不同的点上使用,不同的压强值,或不同的温度值,实际上这不是个平衡态，这个过程是,不可逆过程。
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