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We then promised to move to an emphasis on psychological matters, and finally social and cultural determinants of literature.
然后我们把重点转移到了心理学，最后还讨论了社会和文化对文学的决定因素。
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it's in thinking critically and applying the ideas that you get from reading that... really make it valuable.
学习文学能锻炼我们的批判性思维，我们还能将文学中体现的思想应用到现实生活中。这才是文学的价值所在。
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In other words, an enormous variety of aspects of literature, understood as "literariness," can become the dominant.
也就是说，文学的很多方面，也就是我们所说的文学性，都可以占支配地位。
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We're not going to be studying it necessarily for how important it was for Medieval and Early Modern Literature, for example.
也不会研究它,对于中世纪及早期现代文学的重要性，等等。
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It's a wonderfully compressed argument in which the Soul and the Heart make competing claims for Christianity and classical and literary wisdom.
这里压缩的争论很精彩,其中心和灵魂关于基督教义和,古典的文学的智慧提出相对立的主张。
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Well, there are two reasons, one because I want you to hear literary art.
有两个原因，其一，因为我希望你们能听到文学的艺术。
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It is a work comparable in scope to other literary masterworks Hamlet, Don Quixote, War and Peace, others you might think of.
本书的文学范畴,能与其它的巨著相提并论,诸如《哈姆雷特》，《唐吉诃德》,《战争与和平》或其它你想得到的大作。
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He's almost a mythological figure who can sanction, who can authorize this revolution in women's writing that Virginia Woolf is beginning to prophesy here early in the twentieth century.
他是神话般的人物，可以批准，可以授权这场女性文学的革命，这场革命佛吉尼亚·伍尔夫,在20世纪早期就预言到了。
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We are also not only inherently literary inherently linguistic, but also inherently visual.
我们不仅有固有的文学特性,有固有的语言特性，还有固有的视觉特性。
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How does this work as literature?"
从文学的角度看这写的怎么样？”
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And your tastes in art or literature.
你对艺术或文学的品味。
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This is an aspect of thought concerning literature that tends to fall out of literary theory but not out of the materials that we are reading this week.
这样其实是在,脱离了文学理论的框架来思考文学，但我们,还是要联系上这周在读的内容。
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In a way, there's a subset of questions that arises from those, to the effect that this is, of course, what we'll be taking up next time: the question "What is an author?"
从这些大问题中又会产生一些小问题，这些问题也将是我们以后会讨论的：,关于文学的缘由，我们接着又会问，“作者是谁？“
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There are corollaries for those ideas in terms of the kinds of effects that literature has and what we might imagine ourselves to conclude from them.
这些想法,都带来一些必然的结果,有关文学的作用，以及我们想象自己能从中得出的结论。
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They cannot be reconciled as traditional students of the relationship between rhetoric and grammar in studying the rhetorical and grammatical effects of literature take for granted.
它们不可能和解,像传统的修辞学与语法学关系的学生,在研究修辞学和语法学对文学的影响之时想当然地做的那样。
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She's thinking about putting it on her book club, and--if any of you know anything getting on Oprah's Book Club makes your sales for the next 20 years.
她在考虑把你的书放到她的书友会里，如果你们中有人知道一些关于现代文学的事情的话,进入奥普拉书友会的书在,以后的二十年都会有好销路的。
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Those are the facts for that field. For this field, these are the facts.
那就是那个领域的事例，在我们这个文学的领域，刚刚我说的就是事例。
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What causes literature and what are the effects of literature?
文学的缘由是什么，它又带来了哪些影响？
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Here though, Milton is talking about the temptation of reading classical literature.
虽然弥尔顿在这里谈论的是,对于阅读古典文学的诱惑。
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If you think about Alexander Pope, for example, or even Samuel Johnson, as they reflect on literature and why it's important and what the nature of literature is, they aren't concerned about interpretation.
比如，亚历山大，蒲柏，或塞缪尔，约翰逊，他们思考文学,及其重要性时，并不关心文学的解读问题。
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This isn't the last time this will happen during the course of the syllabus, our job is to bring out the implications for literature of texts that we read that don't have any direct bearing on literary study.
而且以后你们还会读到很多和文学没有关系的东西,在课程大纲里，我们的任务是,读懂文学的含义,但是课程里却又很多东西和文学无关。
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It is nevertheless a distinction that does exist, once you think about it, that deserves to exist and deserves to be remembered when we think about the variety of ways in which literary history can be written.
但是这区别既然存在，只要你思考它，它就有存在的理由,值得被记住，并被记录到,文学的无限发展可能的历史中。
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It's very interesting that they all just sort of take meaning for granted.
有意思的是他们都把文学的意义看作理所当然。
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That's the difference for Iser between nonfiction and fiction.
这就是伊瑟尔所说的文学与非文学之间的差别。
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Now as yet we haven't said anything about literature, and the fact is there is no hermeneutic art devoted to literature during the early modern period and for most of the eighteenth century.
到现在为止我们还没有讲到文学，在现代的早期和18世纪大部分时候,都没有任何关于文学的诠释学研究。
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This is a meditation on both the joy and the loss of literary substitution for the real or for the truth, the substitution of abstract pattern for something like comprehensible meaning.
对为了现实或是真理,和有着某些可理解含义的抽象模式，的文学替代的思考,在这里她有些被这宝石般的线索吸引住了。
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We can say there's a great deal to learn about what people think literature is and we can develop very interesting kinds of thinking about the variety of ways in which these ideas are expressed.
可以说，关于人们对文学的定义,我们还有很多需要学习,我们也能从它们的各种不同的表达方法中,产生有趣的想法。
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It's a course which is absolutely fascinating in all sorts of ways, and it has one very important thing in common with literary theory: that is to say, literary criticism is, too, perpetually concerned with the definition of literature.
这门课在各方面都很棒，而且它与文学理论有一个重要的相似之处：,即文学评论也永远会关注，文学的定义问题。
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That's a limiting case, but for the most part language that we use is not like that and therefore, what we think of is that literary should in principle also be able to show itself in something that is visual.
那是个很局限性的案例，但是总的来说，我们使用的语言,并不是那样,因此，我们所认为的文学的东西,原则上也应当能展示,一些视觉上的东西。
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