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Toward the end of the discussion just now Victoria challenged the premise of this line of reasoning that's libertarian logic.
刚才，就在讨论即将结束之前,维多利亚质疑了,自由主义逻辑推理的前提。
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And although we don't have machines that can reason about a lot of subjects yet, it seems pretty clear.
虽然还未曾出现,具有推理能力的机器,这一点相当明确
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Categorical moral reasoning locates morality in certain absolute moral requirements, certain categorical duties and rights, regardless of the consequences.
绝对主义道德推理认为,是否道德取决于特定的绝对道德准则，取决于绝对明确的义务与权利，而不管后果如何。
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Okay, so why was it after all that work -- why was it that 1 wasn't the winning answer?
为什么经过一系列的推理,1不是最终的答案呢
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Even religious truths, which, of course, even religious truths have to be subjected to the final arbiter, who is the individual's conscience and the individual's power of reason.
当然，即使是最强有力的知识形式，即使是宗教真理也必须受制于最终的裁决者，也就是个人的良心和推理的力量。
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And check the answers, and say yeah that's what we expected. But it also involves reasoning. About why that's an appropriate set of inputs to test it on it.
然后说对，这就是我想要的结果,但是它跟推理也有关系,表现在关于为什么这是一个,测试我们程序的适合的输入集。
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Because the building of ships was, to him, the application of rationality, of reason, thinking, and experimentation, this got him interested in the scientific revolution.
因为造船在他看来,是理性思想的应用,是推理,思考,实验的实际应用,这让他对科学革命有了兴趣
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And one way people do this is they take a hint from nature and they try to construct massively distributed networks to do aspects of reasoning.
进行研究的方法之一便是,研究者们从自然界获得启示,然后试图建立起广泛分布的网络,来进行不同的推理
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For reason, he writes in a famous passage, "for reason is nothing but reckoning, that is adding and subtracting the consequences of general names agreed upon."
对理性而言，他在一个著名的段落中写到，“推理就是一种计算，也就是将公认为标示或表明思想的,普通名词所构成的序列相加减“
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Reason permits a continuing rational inquiry into the nature of reality.
推理能够对现实的本质,进行持续合理的探究
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So what this line of reasoning brings us to is the fundamental principle that underlies the libertarian case for rights.
这些推理把我们带回到,自由主义的权利主张,所隐含的基本原则。
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And the family of arguments that we're considering initially are arguments that get known as inference or inferences to the best explanation.
我们首先会想到的一类,则是那种,被称作推理的论证,或叫做,最佳解释推理
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The kinds of arguments we have been considering so far all fall under the general rubric of "Inference to the best explanation."
目前为止 我们讨论的这些论证,都是在 "最佳解释推理",这个一般准则下进行的的
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Perhaps the argument shouldn't be, "We have to believe in souls because no mere physical object could reason."
也许论证不应该是,我们必须相信灵魂,因为所有的物理对象都不能推理
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The next phase, concrete operations, from seven to twelve, you can solve the conservation problem, but still you're limited to the extent you're capable of abstract reasoning.
下一阶段,具体运算阶段,七到十二岁,儿童可以解决守恒问题,但儿童的抽象推理能力仍然有限
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One, there's this magical reasoning aspect, my reasoning is controlling your actions.
第一,它建立在超现实的假设上,即我的推理能影响到你们
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There are some aspects of moral reasoning that show up everywhere on earth.
道德推理有一些共同的方面,在世界每个地方都存在。
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It's typically a combination of two things.
是两件事情的组合，测试和推理。
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So if I did reason that way, and chose Beta, I'm not going to affect your choice one way or the other.
所以就算我这么推理了我选了β,但这些不会影响你的选择和你的推理
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So we will look at those two different modes of moral reasoning, assess them, and also consider others.
我们将着眼于这两种迥异的道德推理模式，评价它们，还会考虑其他模式。
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It's an everyday occurrence that we can think and reason and feel and be creative, or choose otherwise and have free will.
我们能思考推理,感知创造,或能做出不同的选择,拥有自由意志,都是每天存在的事
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We'll basically be sitting here thinking about what we can know or make sense of with regard to death using our reasoning capacity.
我们主要是坐在这里思考,关于我们能知道什么或者搞清,关于死亡用我们的推理能力。
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And again it makes sense if you think the dialogue is a kind of pedagogical tool to help you get better at philosophising.
而且如果你认为对话这本书,是一个教育学工具能帮你进行,哲学的研究推理，那就很有意义。
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Consequentialist moral reasoning locates morality in the consequences of an act, in the state of the world that will result from the thing you do.
后果主义道德推理,认为是否道德取决于行为的后果，取决于你的行为对外界所造成的影响。
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And then finally, at around age twelve, you could get abstract and scientific reasoning.
最后,大约在十二岁的时候,儿童的抽象推理和科学推理能力得以完善
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Here's another version of an argument that goes from inference to the best explanation.
这是某个论证,从推理发展为最佳解释的另一种说法
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Any belief is heresy if you haven't managed to determine that belief for yourself, if you haven't managed to determine that belief on the basis of your own conscience or through the powers of your own faculty of reason.
任何信念都是异教如果你不能自主决定那个真理,如果你不能决定这个信念,在自己的良心基础上或者是通过自己的推理能力。
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So this points to a second categorical way of thinking about moral reasoning.
这表明有第二种绝对主义方式的道德推理。
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It's a good illustration of this point. It's a famous example.
它是这个推理的不错解读
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But at the same time the study of moral reasoning is a fascinated--fascinating issue for those of us interested in cross-cultural psychology because there are plain differences across cultures.
但同时,道德推理是一个很有趣的研究,尤其对那些对跨文化心理感心趣的人,因为每个文化都有明显的差异。
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