And if you work out the energetics as we've gone with thermochemistry, dH you discover there's a huge negative delta H.

如果你计算能量变化,就像在化学热力学中所作的一样，你会发现很大的负的。

麻省理工公开课 - 热力学与动力学课程节选

This is the condition for really the lion's share of chemistry, biology, and other kinds of changes we'll be concerned with.

这就是绝大部分,生物变化，化学变化，和其他变化所关心的条件。

麻省理工公开课 - 热力学与动力学课程节选

If you were to make that change you would find that the molecule now has completely different biological and chemical properties.

如果要做出这样的变化,你会发现,分子的生物形状,和化学性质完全改变了。

麻省理工公开课 - 化学原理课程节选

Hess' Law states that for any chemical reaction, the energy change is path independent.

盖斯定律表明，对于任意化学反应，能量变化并非是路径依赖的。

麻省理工公开课 - 固态化学导论课程节选

You have a diversity in the chemical changes that occur as a result of any of those connections.

又有多样化的化学变化,这是那些物理连接的产物

耶鲁公开课 - 生物医学工程探索课程节选

As soon as you allow anything to mix, like you might if you want to do any chemistry, entropy changes.

只要你允许物质混合，就像你做任何化学实验的时候要做的，熵就会发生变化。

麻省理工公开课 - 热力学与动力学课程节选

It's a state function, so we're at constant temperature and pressure, and now we want to consider some chemical change or a phase transition or you name it.

这就是态函数，我们处于恒定的温度和压强之下，然后考虑某些化学变化或者相变,或者你想考虑的东西。

麻省理工公开课 - 热力学与动力学课程节选

The way that the cell experience it is through some sort of biochemical changes.

细胞发生某种生物化学变化,以完成这个过程

耶鲁公开课 - 生物医学工程探索课程节选

Insulin binding leads to phosphorylation, leads to other biochemical changes.

胰岛素与受体结合导致磷酸化,进而产生其它生物化学变化

耶鲁公开课 - 生物医学工程探索课程节选

And I can calculate what happens to G under those conditions.

因为在化学反应中组分就是这样变化的,我能够计算在这些条件下G的变化。

麻省理工公开课 - 热力学与动力学课程节选

When it does it makes biochemical changes inside the cells and one of the things it does is increase glucose uptake into certain kinds of cells, particularly fat cells and muscle cells.

这导致细胞内部发生生物化学变化,其中的一个变化是,某些细胞开始增加对糖分的摄取,尤其是脂肪细胞和肌细胞

耶鲁公开课 - 生物医学工程探索课程节选

So the access that a cell has to certain kinds of genes, or chemical modifications of DNA, not chemical modifications that change the base pairs, that would be a mutation.

因此细胞变化的途径应该是对某些基因,或者DNA进行化学修饰,不是更改碱基对,更改碱基对就是突变了

耶鲁公开课 - 生物医学工程探索课程节选

Some of them are changes in the - not the sequence of DNA, not the sequence of nucleotides in the DNA but the chemistry of DNA around that the way that it's packed into a nucleus.

某些改变不是发生在DNA序列上,不是在DNA的核苷酸序列上,而是发生在DNA包装进细胞核的,一系列化学变化中

耶鲁公开课 - 生物医学工程探索课程节选