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So, there's no absolutes about this, this is a general response where all the features can be different with different pathogens.
这其中并没有明确的规律,免疫应答是普遍存在的,但针对不同的病原体的应答规律各不相同
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We're going to talk about how they're prepared, but it's a preparation that is intended to stimulate your immune system.
我们会讲它们是如何做准备的,它通过刺激你的免疫系统来进行准备
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Suppose that most times and most activities were death free, but certain activities introduce the possibility of dying.
假设大部分时间和大部分活动都是死亡免疫的，但某些活动,会引起死亡的可能性。
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It's how quickly, how promptly we can recover from these painful emotions-- in other words, how strong our psychological immune system is.
区别在于他们能够多么迅速，多么快速地从痛苦情绪中恢复过来-,换言之，我们的心理免疫系统有多强。
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Usually it's done by taking all or part of the infectious agent, and showing them to your immune system in some way.
通常它会带着全部或部分抗原介质,并以某种方式呈递给你的免疫系统
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One kind of response is called the innate response and innate means that it's present from the beginning.
其中之一称为先天性免疫反应,先天的意思是生来就有的
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Memory cells are long lasting cells that remember this exposure and can respond very quickly on second exposure.
记忆细胞可以长时间记忆与抗原的接触,并在再次免疫中迅速做出应答
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The way that they appear in your body tells the immune system something about where they came from.
抗原在体内出现的方式,向免疫系统表明了抗原的来源
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So, I have a bacteria infection, stimulates my immune system, I start making antibodies that bind to an antigen specific to that bacteria.
所以 如果我被细菌感染了,我的免疫系统被激活,开始制造抗体,这些抗体结合到细菌特异性的抗原上
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So a vaccine is designed in order to engage that biology, in order to provide antigens that will stimulate specifically your immune system.
所以疫苗的作用就是参与这个生理活动,提供抗原 来刺激你的免疫系统
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That is, mix it with things which make it more make your immune system respond more strongly.
也就是说,增大剂量以使,你的免疫系统产生强烈的反应
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But because of the similarity of the viruses, the immune response that people developed would also protect them against natural infections with variola.
因为这两种病毒很相像,人体的免疫应答也能保护自己,免受天花的感染
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Some, like the smallpox vaccine on one exposure generates a very high response that lasts for many years so you don't need a boost.
有一些疫苗,比如接触一次天花疫苗后,人体就能产生高水平的免疫应答,并持续很多年,所以无需再次接种
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And our psychological immune system strengthens when we give ourselves the permission to be human.
我们的心理免疫系统会加强,当我们准许自己为人时。
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The immune system that we're used to thinking about is called the adaptive immune system, and the adaptive immune system does just that.
我们过去认识的免疫系统部分,现在被称为获得性免疫系统,获得性免疫系统功能如下
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Now, just--what this diagram also shows you is that that response is specific to that particular antigen.
看,就像这幅图表展示的一样,免疫应答是针对特定的抗原
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What happens when that recognition takes place is that your immune system gets activated, and the activation that happens usually involves two things.
当识别进行时会发生什么呢,那时免疫系统会激活,免疫系统的激活通常包含两个过程
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Its molecules are pieces of molecules often derived from foreign pathogens which stimulate an immune response.
它通常是从激发免疫反应的,外源病原体中分离出的碎片
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But talk about sort of engineering the immune system, how to produce immunity in individuals.
讨论免疫系统的构成,以及个体是如何产生免疫力的
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And so this slide just illustrates that in a simple way, the range of different kinds of organisms that your immune system is trying to--whoops!
这个幻灯片只是简要概括了,各种不同微生物的范围,你的免疫系统正在尝试,噢
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So these organisms like this are abundant in the world around us and our immune system prevents us from getting sick most of the time.
在我们周围充斥着像这样的生物体,而免疫系统在大多数时候能够抵御疾病
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So, this is the kind of immune response that gets activated only when it's needed.
所以 这是一种在需要时,被激活的免疫反应
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The response to the second exposure in antigen is different in a couple of ways.
第二次接触相同抗原,免疫系统的应答,在以下几个方面是不同的
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Our immune system's function is to keep us healthy in the face of an environment where there are lots of things that could potentially harm us.
我们免疫系统的功能就是保持自身健康,在面对危机四伏的环境时,使我们免受伤害
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This will lead us into a discussion of sort of bioengineering of the immune system, in particular, and we're going to talk next week about vaccines.
我们会借此展开对,免疫系统的生物医学工程化的讨论,下周我们将讲到疫苗
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It has to be complex, because we're asking the immune system to be able to respond to every potential foreign pathogen that we come into contact with.
免疫系统是十分复杂的,因为我们需要免疫系统,能够对我们身体接触到的,任何潜在的外来病原体进行反应
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Maybe if there were these sort of death-free zones, they'd get rather crowded.
也许如果真有这种死亡免疫的地区，那里肯定会很拥挤。
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We're going to - one of the reasons why you'll see why cell mediated responses are important is because antigens can appear in your body in different ways.
我们将--,细胞免疫如此重要的一个原因是,抗原能够以不同方式出现在体内
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So maybe you could figure out how to use what we know about molecular biology, to engineer a new virus that's still immunogenic, but not pathogenic any longer.
也许你能指出如何使用,分子生物学的有关知识,来设计一个既能产生免疫性,但又不再有致病性的新病毒
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If I happen to have some other infectious disease, then not only would you passing the protection to smallpox, but you'd be passing that disease among the population as well.
如果正好还有其他传染病,那不仅会传播对天花的免疫能力,也在人群中传播其它传染病
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