By 1911, scientists had already measured the charge and mass of an electron. But no one was sure how the atom was structured.
在1911年之前，科学家认为电子带有电荷以及质量，但没有人很确认原子是怎样组成的。
So when we talk about formal charge, basically formal charge is the measure of the extent to which an individual atom within your molecule has either gained or lost an electron.
说到形式电荷，基本上形式电荷就是，单个原子在形成分子之后，是得到了电子还是失去了电子的一种量度。
There are some basic physical properties ofthe universe, such as the charge of the electron, the precise strength ofgravity, the speed of light, etc.
宇宙有一些基本的物理性质，比如电子的带电性、重力的精确大小、光速，等等。
So for example, that might have a formal charge of negative 1, because to some extent it has gained that much electron density that it now has a formal charge that's negative.
比如，可能它的形式电荷为负一，因为在一定程度上它得到了这么多的共用电子密度，那么它现在就有了负的形式电荷。
So the charge of any electron is a universal, since it is a sharable property, even if it is not actually Shared.
没有什么。所以，任何电子的电荷是公共的，因为这是一个可分享的属性，即使这实际上不可分享。
If you look up really close, there is the elementary charge e.There is the mass of the electron.
如果你仔细找的话，会找到e表示的元电荷，也能找到电子的质量。
Relating to or designating an electric charge of the same sign as that of an electron, indicated by the symbol (-).
负电的，阴电的：关于或标明电的负荷和电子具有相同的符号，用符号(-)来表示的。
It is an integral part of the electron transport chain that catalyses primary charge separation.
这是一对电子传递链的电荷分离催化的主要组成部分。
A subatomic particle with the same mass as the electron but positive charge (it is the antiparticle of the electron).
与电子的质量相等但带正电荷的亚原子粒子(是电子的反粒子)。
Thus could be resulted from the complexation by which increases the electron density of the metal ion through partial sharing of its positive charge with donor groups.
主要原因可能是形成配合物后电子由配体流向配位的中心阳离子，增加了电子的转移能力。
A proton has an electrical charge that is equal to that of the electron, but the proton weighs almost two thousand times as much as the electron.
质子有一个电荷，与电子的电荷相等，但是，质子的重量几乎是电子的两千倍。
The rapid motion of the electros causes the sluggish nuclei to "see" the electron as a charge cloud rather than as a discrete particle.
电子的快速运动使得缓动的核把电子“看成”象电核云，而不是象分立的粒子。
The thoughtful reader might propose the charge of the electron as an obvious candidate for the third natural unit.
善于动脑筋的读者，可能提出电子的电荷作为第三个自然单位的明显的候选者。
We only need consider electron as carrier of electric charge in former electron transporting process, but in GMR effect, electron not only is the carrier of electric charge, but also has spin.
在以往的电子输运过程中，人们仅需要考虑电子作为电荷的载体，但在巨磁电阻效应中，电子不仅是电荷的载体，而且具有自旋。
And this spin is an intrinsic quality of the electron, it's a property that is intrinsic in all particles, just like we would say mass is intrinsic or charge is intrinsic.
自旋是电子的本征量，它是所有粒子的本征性质，就像我们说质量是本征的或者电荷是本征的。
Method of calculations for electron beam comtours including the effect of space charge was derived from the field free of space charge.
讨论如何由无空间电荷存在的场求空间电荷作用下电子注的包迹。
An electron is the carrier of both "charge" and "spin".
电子是电荷的载体，同时又是自旋的载体。
It predicted the existence of an anti-matter with the same mass as the electron but with an opposite charge.
这一理论预测了反物质的存在，反物质与电子质量相同，电荷相反。
Quenching by electron transfer involves creation of an ion pair. Charge separation and back electron transfer is then a competitived process.
电子转移生成离子自由基对后，电荷分离与逆电子转移过程相互竞争。
When 1/4 wave plate 2 and 3 are removed, the ambipolar diffusion constant and mobility of electron charge can be measured.
当去除1/4波片2和3时，则能够测量电子电荷的双极扩散常数和迁移率。
Hole - Similar to a positive charge, this is caused by the absence of a valence electron.
空穴-和正电荷类似，是由缺少价电子引起的。
After analyzing the interaction between charge particles and strong Langmuir turbulence we find whether the protons and electron can be accelerated is relevant to the intensity of Langmuir turbulence.
荷电粒子会因为与强朗缪尔湍动的相互作用而得到加速，经过理论推导发现电子和质子能否得到加速与朗缪尔湍动强度有关。
The effect of field strength, initial phase, bunch shape and charge on electron beam transverse emittance is also explored by numeric simulation method.
利用数值模拟方法研究了加速场强、注入相位、束团大小、形状、电荷等因素对束流横向发射度产生的影响。
What people did is they said let's define a unit of energy that represents a unit charge accelerated across a unit potential difference, and let's call that the electron volt.
前人们所做的就是他们说让我们确定，一个能量单位用来代表一单位电荷，加速穿过形成的一单位电势差，我们叫它电子伏特。
The improvement of tandem device performance is attributed to the efficient electron and hole injection from charge generation layer to two adjacent emission units.
叠层发光器件性能的提高与中间电荷产生层向上下两个发光单元有效的电子、空穴注入有关。
Thus, the relationships of oxide charge generation, including electron trapping and hole trapping effects, with different stress voltages and channel lengths are analyzed.
然后对不同应力电压、不同沟道长度下氧化层陷阱电荷（包括空穴和电子陷阱俘获）的产生做了进一步的分析。
Two important parameters-balance radiuses and space charge force balance radius is calculated under neutral plasma case. The properties of electron beam transmission are discussed.
在环内中性等离子体情况下计算了传输过程中的两个重要参量——平衡半径和空间电荷力平衡半径，讨论了电子束的传输特点。
Two important parameters-balance radiuses and space charge force balance radius is calculated under neutral plasma case. The properties of electron beam transmission are discussed.
在环内中性等离子体情况下计算了传输过程中的两个重要参量——平衡半径和空间电荷力平衡半径，讨论了电子束的传输特点。
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