By 1911, scientists had already measured the charge and mass of an electron. But no one was sure how the atom was structured.

在1911年之前，科学家认为电子带有电荷以及质量，但没有人很确认原子是怎样组成的。

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So when we talk about formal charge, basically formal charge is the measure of the extent to which an individual atom within your molecule has either gained or lost an electron.

说到形式电荷，基本上形式电荷就是，单个原子在形成分子之后，是得到了电子还是失去了电子的一种量度。

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There are some basic physical properties ofthe universe, such as the charge of the electron, the precise strength ofgravity, the speed of light, etc.

宇宙有一些基本的物理性质，比如电子的带电性、重力的精确大小、光速，等等。

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And let's say our second electron now is really far away, such that it's actually not going to shield any of the nuclear charge at all from that first electron.

距离原子核非常非常近,我们说第二个电子处于非常远的位置,这样它不会对第一个电子,感受到的来自原子核的电荷量有任何屏蔽作用,我们最后要说的是。

麻省理工公开课 - 化学原理课程节选

So for example, that might have a formal charge of negative 1, because to some extent it has gained that much electron density that it now has a formal charge that's negative.

比如，可能它的形式电荷为负一，因为在一定程度上它得到了这么多的共用电子密度,那么它现在就有了负的形式电荷。

麻省理工公开课 - 化学原理课程节选

What people did is they said let's define a unit of energy that represents a unit charge accelerated across a unit potential difference, and let's call that the electron volt.

前人们所做的就是他们说让我们确定,一个能量单位用来代表一单位电荷,加速穿过形成的一单位电势差，我们叫它电子伏特。

麻省理工公开课 - 固态化学导论课程节选

Has the charge of the electron or the speed of light altered over time, or has some combination of effects occurred?

ECONOMIST: Fundamental physics

His main characters include G, the strength of gravity, h, Planck's constant, which governs the quantum nature of reality at small scales, e, the charge of the electron, and c, the speed of light itself.

ECONOMIST: Modern physics

The physicist Robert Millikan (who showed minor confirmation bias in his own work on the charge of the electron by omitting outlying observations that did not fit his hypothesis) devoted more than 10 years to trying to disprove Einstein's theory that light consists of particles (photons).

WSJ: The Benefits of Scientific Rivalry | Mind & Matter