T-cells with genetically modified viruses carrying genes that coded for receptors to melanoma molecules.
Just as the human immunodeficiency virus, or HIV, does in people, FIV works by wiping out infection-fighting T-cells.
These were converted back into T-cells which should also have the ability to target the cancer or HIV.
These T-cells were converted into stem cells, which could dramatically increase in number when grown in the laboratory.
T-cells were allowed to breed before being put back into the patient from whom they had originally been taken.
Gilenya works by a totally new mechanism to block some immune system t-cells from escaping from the lymph nodes.
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The process involves the cell walls of MRSA, which contain special molecules that bind to certain receptors found on T-cells.
If those counts drop too low, therapy will be halted and not started again until T-cells return to a normal rate.
The surgery transplants a healthy thymus into the body, providing it with the ability to manufacture sufficient T-Cells to fight off infections.
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T-cells survived in 15 of the patients, although in most of them the degree to which those cells expressed the modified genes waned.
The T-cells from those who have been exposed automatically recognise the disease in their new host and kill PTLD cells loaded with the virus.
T-cells for the company, along with America's National Institutes of Health, to press forward with large-scale efficacy trials in the United States and Thailand.
In the studies that were submitted to the FDA, a handful of patients saw levels of disease-fighting T-cells drop 50% or more--enough to be a concern.
However, closer examination revealed differences between men and women in two key components of the immune system - T-cells, which protect the body from infection, and B-cells, which secrete antibodies.
T-cells know which cells to destroy thanks to fragments of viral proteins displayed on the surfaces of infected cells that need to be put out of their misery.
T-cells into action with a vaccine is much harder than stimulating the production of antibodies, because of the complex cellular interactions that it takes to get them going.
Two specific types of immune system cell that attack invaders - CD4 T-cells and natural killer cells - increased in number with age, with a higher rate of increase in women than in men.
The treatment involves taking a patient's T-cells, the infection- and disease-fighting cells of the immune system, and genetically modifying them to target a protein called CD19, which is present on ALL cells.
Cancer Research UK, which funded the study, believe that if further trials prove successful, a single bank of T-cells could serve as a global source of immune cells to treat the condition.
Recent discoveries revealed that tumors are adept at cloaking themselves by hijacking the body's own mechanism for preventing the system's T-cells, the infection- and disease-fighting cells of the immune system, from running amok against healthy tissue.
Rather than destroying sperm, as other contraceptive formulas do, VivaGel's dendrimers prevent the sperm from attaching to the egg much in the same way that they prevent, say, HIV viruses from attaching to the body's T-cells.
They include compounds that block bad genes responsible for spreading cancer into the bones, chemicals that prompt prostate cancer cells to destroy themselves and vaccines that train the body's killer T-cells to seek and destroy tumor cells.
In addition, other types of cancer can interfere with the activation of "killer T cells" - immune cells which arrive to destroy tumour cells.
In a cruel twist, the body's disease-fighting T cells attack healthy skin cells, misidentifying them as foreign.
Pfizer's drug tremelimumab and Bristol-Myers Squibb's ipilimumab are antibodies to a protein called CTLA-4 (cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen-4) that acts as an emergency brake to prevent killer T cells from attacking healthy tissue.
To do this, they used antibodies designed to bind to and thus decommission the molecules on T cells that are used to shake hands with antigen-presenting cells.
But with so much competition from abroad, and with so many competing future powertrain technologies out there--electric hybrids, clean diesels and hydrogen fuel cells--companies can't afford to go it alone, says David Cole, chairman of the Center for Automotive Research in Ann Arbor, Mich.
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