This was how simple chemical gradients in an embryo could result in complex body patterns.
But a spokesman said some heavy goods vehicles were having problems on routes with gradients causing delays.
Comparison of the glacier meteorology with those in the foothills reveals peculiarities in vertical temperature and precipitation gradients.
Again, in this challenge to the existing models the Goce gradients appear most pronounced in high latitude and continental regions.
For instance, their results suggest that much steeper gradients, perhaps up to 1 in 5, are sometimes compatible with good surf.
The gradients seem less marked over the oceans where a lot of gravity field information has already been determined by spacecraft that measure sea-surface topography.
But HTML has at last evolved into HTML5 (and CSS3), which allow web designers to use custom fonts, gradients, rounded corners and transitions, among other uses.
On the shallowest bottom gradients, however, the waves simply collapse.
But with a complete chimney, researchers hope to get a better idea of how the entire ecosystem fits together, and how heat and chemical gradients within smokers affect the creatures that live there.
Surfers used to think that for really good surf the bottom gradients had to have a steepness between 1 in 20 (that is, for every metre climbed, you travel forwards 20) and 1 in 40.
Meanwhile, trains, which carry about a third of all transalpine freight, have to wind their way up and down steep gradients, slowly and fairly lightly laden, to reach the existing St Gotthard railway tunnel, which was opened in 1882.
In all, 1.1m tonnes of earth and rock were excavated in the construction of the 2010 course, flattening out the harsh gradients of the back nine, and using the aggregate to raise the opening holes above the level of the Usk's flood plain.
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