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who was refuted by Dr. Johnson who kicked a stone and leaped away in terrible pain saying, "I refute it thus."
约翰逊先生反对理想主义者，他踢开一块石头,跳开到很远，一副痛苦不堪的样子，说，“我这样来反驳“
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What is it the Israelites were saying in their day and in their time and against whom and for what?"
当时的犹太人在生活中都说些什么？”,“反驳谁？为什么？”
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And here I mean not merely, well, logically speaking, you know, of course you can reject any premise of any argument.
这里我并不只是指,从逻辑上讲,你当然可以,反驳这个论证的每一个前提
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This is one of the primary strategies that Milton develops, especially in the first two books of Paradise Lost, as a kind of defense against his dependence on classical literature.
这是弥尔顿发展出的早期策略之一，尤其是在《失乐园》的前两册书中,这似乎是在反驳他对古典文学的依赖。
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That's a wonderful claim. "You can refute Hegel but not the Saint or the Song of Experience."
这话很好，你可以反驳黑格尔,但不能反驳圣人或经验之歌“
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Because if you choose Alpha, the best case scenario is you get 0, So that's okay good, that's a good counter argument.
因为要是你选α,你最多只能得0,很好,这是个不错的反驳理由
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That, of course, I argued in those lectures, opened it up for the threat of mortality.
当然，我在那几堂课中对此观点提出了反对意见，以必有一死的威胁反驳了它。
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In other words, the teaching fellows I had in those days who knows? They may rise up against me in the same way this semester -but the teaching fellows I had in those days said, "You can't teach an introduction.
也就是说，当时我教的那些学生,谁知道呢？，这学期他们也有可能以同样的方式反驳我,当时我教的那些学生说，“你不能教入门。
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To argue with them, I point out an example, which is more familiar.
为了反驳他们，我可以指出，人们更加熟悉的例证。
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If you look at the argument the poor need the money more, at no point in that argument do you contradict the fact that we've extrapolated from, agreed upon principles that people own themselves.
如果你仔细想想穷人更需要钱这个论据，该论据没有任何论点,能反驳我们已经推定的事实，即已达成共识的，人人自主原则。
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That would be self-refuting.
而这又成为了对自己的反驳
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And just to give you some small defense of that approach, I always like to ask students, "Suppose we didn't have a single historical record, no newspaper, no diaries. You know nothing totally reliable for what happened in the latter part of the eighteenth century in America."
我可以给你们一个反驳的理由,我总是问学生们,"如果没有历史文献,报纸和日记,那么对于美国十八世纪后期的历史,你们将一无所知"
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But, and here's the crucial point of this objection, there's another side or another aspect to emotions and feelings.
但是,这个反驳的关键点在于,情绪和感受还存在另一面
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Although, I think, I was pausing for a moment to raise that objection, it's not an objection that I think we should take all that seriously.
我停下来提出那个反驳,但我想这不是一个需要,我们认真对待的反驳
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As we'll see, some of the later arguments seem to be deliberately aimed at answering objections that we can raise to some of the earlier arguments.
因为我们将看到,一些后期的观点似乎是专门用来,回答那些反驳,尤其是针对我们之前讲的那些观点的意见
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Now I don't mean to be utterly dismissive of the objection.
我现在不是轻视这些反驳
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You could imagine the dualist coming back and saying, "Look, in the case of the heat-seeking missile or the robot for that matter, although it's doing things, it's just obeying orders.
你可以假想二元论反驳说,在热追踪导弹,或是机器人的例子里,尽管他们各尽其职,但也只是恪守命令
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That, at least, is how the objection goes.
这至少是反驳者的观点
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To explain the fact that we've got free will, so the objection goes, we have to appeal to-- we have to posit--the existence of a soul, something non-physical, something more than purely physical.
要解释我们有自由意志这一事实,反驳者会说,我们不得不诉诸,或者假定灵魂存在,这里提到的灵魂是非物质并超出物质的东西
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Yeah. -What do you say to Marcus?
对，-你怎么反驳马库斯呢？
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There's an objection with that argument."
我有反驳它的理由
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What do you say to Yang-Da?
你怎么反驳杨达？
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And in a moment, I'll ask whether it's the best possible explanation, but before we do turn to that question, there is an objection to this entire way of looking at things that's probably worth pausing for a moment and considering.
而马上,我要问你们这是否是最好的解释,但在我们转向那个问题之前,有一个对这一整套,看待问题的方式的反驳,或许值得我们稍微停留并考虑一番
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Now, as I say, many times when you read the dialogue, this or other dialogues by Plato, it seems as though he's fully cognizant of the objections that at least an attentive reader will raise about earlier stages of the argument.
很多时候当你阅读柏拉图的对话录,不管是这篇还是其他篇,柏拉图似乎很清楚至少有一个留心的读者,会对早期的一些观点,提出反驳意见
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Well,easy to imagine the fan of this view coming back yet again and saying, Although it's true that our hero takes the place of the other man on the guillotine, what ends up happening,of course,is that our hero dies his own death.
很容易想象这种观点的支持者会反驳说，虽然的确我们的主角是代替了别人上断头台，但结果还是他独自经历死亡。
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Earlier the objection was, We had no good reason to think the soul was one of the building blocks from which we're composed; we have no good reason to think it's one of the pieces that was around before our body got put together, before our birth.
早一点的反驳意见是,我们没有好的理由来相信灵魂,是组成我们的一个基础部件,我们没有好的理由去相信它是,在我们出生前,身体形成前就存在的部分之一
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It's as if Milton places the beautiful poetry of Shakespeare into the mouth of this evil magician so as to dismiss all the more easily the easy, L'Allegro-mode of poetry that Shakespeare seems for Milton to embody.
这就好像弥尔顿把莎士比亚美丽的诗句,放进了邪恶魔术师的口中,所以可以更容易地反驳，好像莎士比亚把L’Allegro模式诗给弥尔顿去具体化。
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So although I don't like, I don't believe the argument is sound-- Premise one doesn't happen to be the premise I myself would want to reject.
尽管我不喜欢,或是我不认为这条论证可靠,但前提一恰是我想要反驳的,它作为前提并非偶然
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But the complaint then, or the objection to the physicalist, takes the form that we couldn't be a merely physical entity because no merely physical entity could have free will.
但人们对此的诟病,或物理主义的反驳者认为,人不可能仅仅是一个物理实体,因为物理实体不可能有自由意志
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