在这之前，汇率体系直接或间接地与黄金挂钩。
Previous exchange-rate systems had been linked, directly or indirectly, to gold.
极低的利率和被低估的汇率以及其他直接和间接的资助使得这些项目看似可行，但必须要求我们在看待时忽略真实的成本。
Very low interest rates, an undervalued currency, and other direct and indirect subsidies have made these projects seem viable, but only because the true costs have been disguised.
对各种货币标价或标汇率的方法有两种：直接标价法和间接标价法。
The method of quoting the prices or rates of exchange for different currencies takes one of two forms: the direct quotation method and the indirect quotation method.
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