这些因素包括市场的特征、各种规定、会计标准和评级机构等。
These factors include market characteristics, regulations, accounting standards, and rating agencies.
评级机构的这种行为对养老金和保险公司等机构投资者的影响最大，因为它们通常受到限制，只能购买高评级债券。
Such practices impact institutional buyers like pensions and insurers, which are often restricted to buying highly rated debt.
危机发生后，美国、欧盟等通过立法手段对在危机中遭受质疑的信用评级机构加强监管。
After the crisis, the United States, European Union and other countries strengthened the regulation of credit rating agencies which was challenged in the crisis by using legislative measures.
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