研究人员说，在这项新研究之前，人们对于在飞机上直接感染常见的呼吸道病毒，如流感或普通感冒的风险知之甚少。

Prior to the new study, little was known about the risks of getting directly infected by common respiratory viruses, such as the flu or common cold, on an airplane, the researchers said.

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我们说过没有病毒你也可以做到。

We said you could still do this without the virus.

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也就是说，为了防止新冠病毒的扩散，要远离拥挤的地方。一些企业利用这一点，更换了标识。

It refers to staying away from crowded places to prevent the spread of COVID-19. Some companies are taking advantages of this by changing their logos.

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If you can genetically engineer viruses like this and viruses have all those good properties as gene therapy vehicles that I described.

如果你能像我说的这样在遗传上改造病毒,加之病毒具备诸多优点,适合作为基因治疗的载体

耶鲁公开课 - 生物医学工程探索课程节选

We'll learn more about that in a moment, but basically it allows the immune system to distinguish between viral and bacterial pathogens, and respond appropriately depending on the type of pathogen that's there.

我们一会儿会学到不少,但基本上说,这样一来免疫系统,就能够分辨出病毒和细菌病原体,并对相应的病原体类型,产生合适的免疫反应

耶鲁公开课 - 生物医学工程探索课程节选

We talked about host cells that are perhaps infected with a virus, displaying pieces of that virus, antigenic pieces of that virus in the context of a surface receptor called MHC-1, presenting that.

我们说到过,可能受到病毒感染的宿主细胞,表现出病毒的一部分特征,病毒的抗原部分,其表面受体称为主要组织相容性抗原-1,MHC-1负责呈递抗原

耶鲁公开课 - 生物医学工程探索课程节选