许多心理学家建议采用非身体惩罚，美国儿科学会劝阻打屁股。
Many psychologists recommend non-physical punishment, and the American Academy of Pediatrics discourages spanking.
心理学家们很早就发现，有一些性格的人们对于他们所取得的成绩感到非常痛苦，并且总要找方法惩罚自己。
Psychologists have long recognized that people of a certain personality type are conflicted about their high achievement and find ways to punish themselves.
然而许多进化心理学家相信，如果利他惩罚现象不存在，人类合作也不可能产生。
Many evolutionary psychologists believe, however, that without altruistic punishment, cooperation could not have evolved.
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