许多心理学家建议采用非身体惩罚，美国儿科学会劝阻打屁股。
Many psychologists recommend non-physical punishment, and the American Academy of Pediatrics discourages spanking.
心理学家们很早就发现，有一些性格的人们对于他们所取得的成绩感到非常痛苦，并且总要找方法惩罚自己。
Psychologists have long recognized that people of a certain personality type are conflicted about their high achievement and find ways to punish themselves.
然而许多进化心理学家相信，如果利他惩罚现象不存在，人类合作也不可能产生。
Many evolutionary psychologists believe, however, that without altruistic punishment, cooperation could not have evolved.
这个基本的心理学可以运用到各种动物身上：惩罚与固化。
There is a basic psychology that can be applied to all creatures: punishment and reinforcement.
这个基本的心理学可以运用到各种动物身上：惩罚与固化。
There is a basic psychology that can be applied to all creatures: punishment and reinforcement.
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