结论：总结了前后测量设计资料个体生长趋势的4种情况，提示我们在分析前后测量设计资料时个体自然生长问题不容忽视。

CONCLUSION: the 4 kinds of individual changing trends in pretest-posttest design show the problem of the individual change can't be ignored when we analyze the data of pretest-posttest design.

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我们精心设计了团体心理咨询活动的过程，并在活动前后用五种量表对团体成员进行了测量。

We elaborately designed the programs of the group counseling activities and surveyed the participants before and after the activities by using five scales.

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对患者的手术前后MMSE评分进行重复测量设计资料的方差分析，观察干预效果。

Observe intervention effect of the MMSE score of these patients before and after surgery by repeated measures analysis of variance.

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