n. universals
1 因为一切瞑想、 反思与沟通都是树立大写共相（Universaux） 的机器， 2 而哲学却仅仅成立于特异性或特异点（point singulier） 的涌现与分 派。
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诸共相不存在于灵魂之外，但智性在了解诸共相的同时，却了解到一些灵魂以外的事物。
Universals do not subsist outside the soul, but the intellect, in understanding universals, understands things that are outside the soul.
这是我第一次对外延性原则隐隐地表现出欣赏，在此后的几十年间我一直很重视这个原则：共相不过是其殊相的总和。
It was my first implicit appreciation of the principle of extensionality by which I have set such store down the decades: the universal is no more than the sum of its particulars.
可见他对个体与共相的形上学区隔有所洞见。
This shows that he had deep insights into the metaphysical distinction on the individual and idea.
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