没有一位在中世纪晚期游历过亚洲的欧洲人在其游记中为此留下过一笔。

None of the European adventurers who wrote up their travels through Asia in the late Middle Ages remark on it.

youdao

在公元1100年左右的中世纪晚期开始，先是在法国北部，后来在整个欧洲爆发了建设大型哥特式教堂的热潮。

Beginning in the late middle ages, around 1100, there was a burst in the construction of very large churches, the Gothic cathedrals, first in northern France and later spreading throughout Europe.

youdao

尤其在中世纪晚期和近代早期，它是议会约束国王征税的重要依据。

In the late medieval period and early modern period, among others, it served as a weapon to curb Kings' levying taxes.

youdao

Now, out of all of this, again to repeat, we are not making the argument that the Thirty Years' War itself led to absolute rule, that the growth of state structures can be seen in the beginning and the late medieval period with the consolidation of these territorial monarchies.

综上所述,我再重复一遍,我们并不能推断说,三十年战争本身导致了绝对主义的发展,国家的构建在中世纪的早期,以及晚期的领土兼并中就已经初见端倪

耶鲁公开课 - 欧洲文明课程节选