So, the chances of getting any activity from these inner shell of electrons are vanishingly small.

所以，内层电子间，进行反应的可能性，是很小很小的。

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Unfortunately, the standard definition of a second relies on what the atom does at a temperature of absolute zero. Real clocks need to run at room temperature, where the shell of electrons puffs up.

遗憾的是，一秒钟的标准定义依赖于原子在绝对零度的条件，而实际的时钟需要在室温下运行，室温条件下电子壳层膨胀了。

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So, the chances of getting any activity from these inner shell of electrons are vanishingly small.

所以，内层电子间,进行反应的可能性,是很小很小的。

麻省理工公开课 - 固态化学导论课程节选

Because that will take care of all of the electrons that are capable of reacting, none of the inner shell electrons.

因为那样我们可以考虑到,除内层电子以外，所有可以发生反应的电子。

麻省理工公开课 - 固态化学导论课程节选

So the 3 s 1, or any of the other electrons that are in the outer-most shell, those are what we call our valence electrons, and those are where all the excitement happens.

它们是经常发生激发情况的,那也是我们所看到，我们称之为价电子，它们是经常发生激发情况的。

麻省理工公开课 - 化学原理课程节选

Under the laws of quantum mechanics, the nuclei of atoms have shell-like structures analogous to the spheres in which given numbers of electrons exist in certain orbits around the nucleus.

ECONOMIST: Nuclear physics