The effect was first noted in 1858 by William Farr, who wrote that widows and widowers were at a much higher risk of dying than their married peers.

1858年，威廉·法尔（William Farr）首次发现了这一效应，他写道，寡妇和鳏夫的死亡风险比已婚同龄人高得多。

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And even if coffee and tea have some direct effect on glioma risk, the impact would be small.

即便是咖啡和茶对降低罹患脑胶质瘤风险有些直接效果，其影响也很小。

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Cold air also has a drying effect, which can increase the risk of dehydration.

冷空气也有干燥的效应，会增加你脱水的危险。

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In long-term use it carries a one in 30, 000 risk of a serious side effect - the bone marrow disorder aplastic anaemia.

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"These banks are big and you can argue that these kinds of settlements have some mitigating effect on risk-taking, " says Gary Biddle, professor of accounting at the University of Hong Kong.

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Since they are leveraged institutions (they have a small amount of capital backing lots of assets), with nowadays more or less mechanical risk-management systems that in effect force them to sell when losses mount, this probably also increases volatility.

ECONOMIST: Buttonwood