First, the paper defines the conception of value chain governance. And analysis four types of governance model:hierarchy, arm's length market, quasi hierarchy and network.

本文首先界定了价值链治理的概念，分析了价值链层级型、市场型、网络型、半层级型治理模式的特点。

youdao

The object of natural selection is the quasi-species, and the existence of the error threshold places a limit on the genome length that the organisms carry.

自然选择的目标是准物种，而误差阈的存在对生物体所能携带的基因组的长度施加了一个限制。

youdao

The vertical upgrading is from arm's-length market cluster to quasi-hierarchy cluster, constructing vertical cluster network capital.

其中，纵向升级是从短距离市场型集群升级为准等级型集群，倚重于纵向集群网络资本的重塑。

youdao

The areas on which the database focuses are central government, local government, police, NHS (including GPs), the armed forces, emergency services, universities, the judiciary and quangos - quasi-government arms-length agencies that fulfil a public service role but are not directly controlled by government.

BBC: Public sector salaries: methodology