...此前有研究发现，抽烟后停留在血液中的亚硝胺代谢物可在一些啮齿动物的肺部诱发肿瘤，因此血液中的NNAL（烟草特有亚硝胺代谢物）水平可以大体预测啮齿动物以及人类罹患肺癌的风险。通常，烟民血液中NNAL的水平与其烟龄、年龄、性别、吸烟频率等诸多因素相关。
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The researchers examined urine samples from the subjects and tried to figure out if a biologic marker known as NNAL could predict cases of lung cancer.
研究人员对受试者的尿样进行了检测，试图寻找一种叫做NNAL的生物标记，这种标记可以看作是肺癌的前兆。
Studies have found that laboratory animals with high concentrations of NNAL had higher rates of lung cancer, but its effect in humans has not been clear.
研究发现，高浓度NNAL的实验室动物有较高的肺癌发病率，但它对人类的影响尚不清楚。
The team, which included researchers at the National University of Singapore and the Shanghai Cancer Institute, divided NNAL urine levels into low, medium and high categories.
该研究小组包括新加坡国立大学及上海癌症研究所的研究人员，将尿中NNAL水平分为低、中和高三类。
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