There exists grade differences in mastery goals and performance-avoid goals;

掌握目标和成绩-回避目标存在年级差异；

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The direct factors, which influence on deep strategy and achievement strategy, are self efficacy and mastery goals, and the former's effect is greater.

影响高职生深层策略、成就策略的直接因素是学业自我效能和掌握目标，其中前者作用更大。

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Kids who have this well-earned sense of mastery are more optimistic and decisive; they've learned that they're capable of overcoming adversity and achieving goals.

具备良好支配感的孩子更乐观，也更有决断力。他们学会了战胜困难达到目的的能力。

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For parents, stressing intrinsic goals, such as mastery, learning and doing one's best, can be tough.

WSJ: Why More Young Kids Cheat at School

An innovation skillset is mastery of a framework that allows you to use your tools, knowledge and abilities to accomplish your goals.

FORBES: The Missing Keys in Your Quest for Innovation