Summarising scores of studies, they conclude that smacking fails in one of its main aims: to make a child see that some things are wrong, and change its long-term behaviour.

综合研究结果，他们指出体罚并没有实现让孩子认识错误，改变其长期行为的主要目标。

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We are also not persuaded as to their effectiveness in changing long-term behaviour.

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Lord Wigley, a co-sponsor of the amendment, said many serious offenders - such as stalkers and rapists - were able to get away with "ongoing, unacceptable" behaviour because courts only examined individual instances of their behaviour, and did not take into account the "cumulative impact" of long-term patterns of their behaviour on victims.

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In a statement, the BSAVA said that shocks received during training could be stressful, painful and frightening for the animal and may also produce long-term adverse effects on behaviour.

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