We are also not persuaded as to their effectiveness in changing long-term behaviour.

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Lord Wigley, a co-sponsor of the amendment, said many serious offenders - such as stalkers and rapists - were able to get away with "ongoing, unacceptable" behaviour because courts only examined individual instances of their behaviour, and did not take into account the "cumulative impact" of long-term patterns of their behaviour on victims.

BBC: Legal Aid, Sentencing and Punishment of Offenders Bill

In a statement, the BSAVA said that shocks received during training could be stressful, painful and frightening for the animal and may also produce long-term adverse effects on behaviour.

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He said he was not against bonuses that rewarded "good behaviour and long-term growth", but they needed greater regulation.

BBC: Darling vow on City bonus rules

However, the long-term effects of genetically changing the behaviour of certain corneal cells is not yet known.

BBC: Human cornea grown in lab

Defining the relationship between religion and the state was certainly easier when it could be assumed that religion's hold over people's lives and behaviour was in long-term decline.

ECONOMIST: Faith, law and democracy: Defining the limits of exceptionalism | The

No-one from the club was available to comment, but Vince Alm, spokesman for the Cardiff City supporters' club, said there had been a long-term improvement in Bluebirds fans' behaviour.

BBC: NEWS | UK | Wales | Football arrests go up at Swansea

That is because when you give help to people in bad circumstances, you are likely to change their behaviour as well as their income, with possibly long-term consequences for society as well as the economy.

BBC: God, poverty and the government