In Exhibit 1, the arrows represent transformation from one formulation of the problem or solution to another.

在图示1中，箭头表示从一种问题或解决方案向另一种转化。

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Only late did the economists discover that the apparent paradox was the outcome of a vicious formulation of the problem involved.

到后来，经济学家们才发现，这个表面上的矛盾是由于把问题讲错了。

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A mixed integer programming formulation for the off-line version of the problem has been proposed.

给出了问题的数学描述，并对其静态问题，构造了一个混合整数规划模型。

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The problem with this formulation is that, in the process of purportedly closing one loophole, it would appear to create new ones.

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