In this paper, the method of equivalent cross-section character is introduced, remaining the coefficient of length unchanged.

本文提出了楔杆的等效截面特性概念，而将计算长度系数保持不变。

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Using the conception of equivalent cross-section, the formula of elastic carrying capacity at the larger end of the tapered member is suggested.

采用楔形构件等效截面特性的概念，结合我国规范推导出以大头截面为计算截面的受弯稳定性计算公式；

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In this paper a general formula for calculating the laser waveshapes reflected from the targets is proposed on the basis of the idea on laser equivalent cross-section reflected from the targets.

本文根据激光的目标等效反射截面的概念，提出计算从目标反射回来的激光波形的一般公式。推导出从漫反射的平板、球和圆柱目标反射回来的激光波形的解析表达式。

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