The consensus is that risk factors have an accumulative effect.

一致意见认为多种危险因素有积聚的效果。

《柯林斯英汉双解大词典》

The effect was first noted in 1858 by William Farr, who wrote that widows and widowers were at a much higher risk of dying than their married peers.

1858年，威廉·法尔（William Farr）首次发现了这一效应，他写道，寡妇和鳏夫的死亡风险比已婚同龄人高得多。

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Scholars, policymakers, and critics of all stripes have debated the social implications of these changes, but few have looked at the side effect: family risk has risen as well.

学者、决策者和各界批评人士都在讨论这些变化所带来的社会影响，但很少有人关注其副作用——家庭风险也在上升。

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In long-term use it carries a one in 30, 000 risk of a serious side effect - the bone marrow disorder aplastic anaemia.

BBC: Horsemeat - food fraud, not food safety

"These banks are big and you can argue that these kinds of settlements have some mitigating effect on risk-taking, " says Gary Biddle, professor of accounting at the University of Hong Kong.

CNN: Record fines: 'New normal' for banking business?

Since they are leveraged institutions (they have a small amount of capital backing lots of assets), with nowadays more or less mechanical risk-management systems that in effect force them to sell when losses mount, this probably also increases volatility.

ECONOMIST: Buttonwood