For reprogramming to be safe enough to use in cell therapy, researchers must find an efficient, reliable way to trigger it.

为了让细胞“重编程”在细胞疗法中变得足够安全，科学家们必须寻找一种高效且可靠的办法来激活它。

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Once the defense mechanism is shut off, mRNA carrying the genes for cell reprogramming can be safely delivered.

只要关闭了这种自卫机制，能够重新编码细胞且携带遗传基因的信使RNA就能安全导入了。

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In addition to helping with studies of stem cell reprogramming, this technique could be used to study interactions between any types of cells.

除了帮助研究干细胞基因遗传，这种技术可以用来研究任何类型的细胞之间的相互作用。

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Dr Keisuke Kaji, a stem cell researcher at the Medical Research Council Centre for Regenerative Medicine in Edinburgh said the technique was a "great advance" in cell reprogramming technology.

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The literature on similarities and differences between ES cells and iPS cells, he said, is quite controversial and scientists still do not know whether differences between different iPS cell lines are just due to genetic differences between the adult cell lines that were used for reprogramming or whether genetic changes occurred during reprogramming.

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It takes about four weeks for a skin cell to be "primed" for reprogramming, and then it takes an additional three to four weeks for iPS colonies to grow, according to Dr. Joseph Wu, study co-author and assistant professor of cardiology and radiology at Stanford's School of Medicine.

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