However, point-to-point integration is not necessarily a bad thing.

尽管如此，点对点集成不一定就是坏事。

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This Canadian example clearly shows that establishing a hin of scale using point-to-point integration architectures is not viable from a cost standpoint.

从成本上看，加拿大的这个例子清楚地表明，用点对点集成架构建立一个大规模HIN是完全不可行的。

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Semantic interoperability is achieved within an enterprise via a hub-and-spoke topology, which reduces the redundancy and maintenance cost of point-to-point integration.

企业内部的语义互操作性通过轮辐式拓扑来实现，此轮辐式拓扑减少了冗余，并且降低了点对点集成的维护成本。

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But the company is working on technology such as near-field communication (NFC) technology and point of sale integration, which could make coupons completely digital and transferable from your phone to the cashier.

FORBES: Coupons.com Nabs $200 Million, Moves Toward Mobile Coupons

The combined forces of the Software-as-a-Service deployment model, the role of Salesforce.com as the master data aggregator and integration point, buying habits of marketing departments and cooperative efforts among vendors have created a situation in which IT plays almost no role in supporting the use of marketing technologies.

FORBES: Magazine Article

National governments are another: politicians have mastered the possibilities of European integration to the point at which they, and not the commission, have become the real agenda-setters.

ECONOMIST: Europe juggles its jobs | The