拿星系作为透镜来观察其它星系，这种全新的、精确的手段确认了宇宙的大小和年龄，及其膨胀的速度。
The size and age of the universe, as well as how fast it is expanding, has been confirmed with a new, precise method that USES galaxies as lenses to look at other galaxies.
空间电荷透镜的聚焦特性决定于其电子云的大小、形状和密度分布。
The focusing properties of a space-charge lens depend on the size, shape and density distribution of its electron cloud.
分析表明，焦移的大小与菲涅尔数、透镜-光阑的分离程度以及入射波波面曲率半径等因素有关，并得出了消除焦移的条件。
The analysis that the size of the focal shift is related to the factors such as Fresnel number, separating degree of lens-diaphragm and curvature radius of incident wave wavefront, etc.
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