Doping in sports has a history that goes all the way back to the ancient games in Greece.

体育比赛中服用兴奋剂的历史可以一直追溯到古希腊的奥运会。

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The public outrage led the Olympic Committee to establish a special commission called the IOC Medical Commission, to study doping in sports and set up its first list of prohibited substances.

公众的愤怒促使国际奥委会建立了一个专门的委员会——奥林匹克医务委员会，研究体育运动中兴奋剂的使用问题，并第一次列出了被禁药物的名单。

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The World Anti Doping Agency said Ferdinand was lucky to have avoided a two-year ban, the norm for missing a drug test in other sports.

世界反兴奋剂机构称费迪南德幸运地躲过了长达两年的禁赛，这是在其他体育项目中对拒绝药检的处罚。

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Torri has a reputation for being uncompromising in the battle against doping, having charged sports personalities in the past even when they argued that their positive tests were the result of accidents.

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And as professionals, whose livelihood depended on results, and where testing was either non-existent or a step behind the latest advances in sports doping, it is unsurprising that so many succumbed.

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Mr. Armstrong was stripped of his titles last year after the U.S. Anti-Doping Agency, which polices drug use in American sports, initiated formal charges against him for allegedly conspiring to run an organized doping program aimed at dominating the Tour de France.

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