And they found that the plants that bounce back after clipping boost their DNA content-some of their cells go from having 10 chromosomes to having 320.

他们发现，那些受损后迅速恢复的植物dna含量暴增——其中一些原本只有10个染色体细胞，已经拥有了320个染色体。

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They include constraints imposed "from below" by physics and chemistry, that is, from molecular interactions upwards, through genes, chromosomes, cells, tissues and organisms.

包括来自于“底层”的物理和化学因素，也就是分子间的作用，影响了上层的基因、染色体、细胞、组织和生物体。

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And the size of the nucleus needed to contain all those chromosomes may make those cells bigger and bigger cells means a bigger plant.

细胞核增大以容纳暴增的染色体，相应地细胞也会增大，更大的细胞意味着更大的植株。

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Traditionally, of course, scientists couldn't take a yardstick to the DNA-containing chromosomes contained in human cells and measure the distance between genes.

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Some have XX chromosomes in some cells of their body and XY in others those rare, true hermaphrodites.

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This happens during the production of sex cells, and its effect is to halve the number of chromosomes in a cell (the number returns to normal when two sex cells combine during fertilisation).

ECONOMIST: Genetic engineering