Some of these procedures were quite formal but little used.
这些规程的一部分是相当正式但是却很少使用的。
Some have short sections on validation and verification, but those simply point either to IEEE standards or other formal methods.
其中几本教材中有很少的篇幅涉及到确认和验证,但是仅仅是简单的引用IEEE标准或其他正式的方法。
You might test an idea with some homespun queries, but formal surveys provide more precise data to inform a potentially costly decision.
你也许用自制的问题来检测想法,但正式的调查会提供更准确的数据来支持潜在昂贵的决定。
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