The partner selection problem with bid cost and completion time factors with a due date constraint is a fundamental problem in virtual enterprises.

具有项目投标价格和完工时间因素的带工期约束的伙伴选择问题是企业动态联盟的基本问题，证明了该问题是NP完全问题。

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The certainty model of the risk of tender for engineering construction, bid cost comparison and tender probability on uncertainty measure is established.

给出了未确知测度、置信度的概念，建立了基于未确知测度的工程建设投标风险，报价成本比，中标概率确定模型。

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It takes Chongqing as a case, using market investigation and analytic induction, to measure the average bid cost, average bidder cost and the whole project bid cost.

采用市场调查和归纳分析法，测算出企业平均招标成本、投标成本和项目招投标成本、招投标成本率。

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The bid-cost recovery mechanism is supposed to provide make-whole payments that cover start-up and minimum load costs for parties requesting electric energy.

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Competition will not only make it tough for Netflix to gain or retain subscribers, but it will also impact its margins as competitors bid up the cost of content.

FORBES: Is The Market's Reaction To Netflix's Earnings Overdone?

So Mr Kloppers eventually stopped digging and dropped the bid, at considerable cost to BHP and to his own reputation.

ECONOMIST: Face value