土壤群落的有机质依赖于植物。
Soil communities are dependent on plants for organic matter.
生物膜群落容纳细菌的时间更长且很难清洗。
Biofilm communities can harbor bacteria longer and are very difficult to clean.
捕食者是维持群落物种丰富多样的一个重要因素。
Predators are an essential factor in maintaining communities that are rich and diverse in species.
小岛上的海鹦群落是大不列颠岛南部地区最大的。
The puffin community on the island is the largest in the southern part of the island.
如今，我们想当然地认为它们是水平的条状植物群落。
Today we take for granted that they're horizontal bands of plant communities.
即使在一个成熟的群落中，物种组成通常也有很大的变化。
There is usually a good deal of turnover in species composition, even in a mature community.
无论驼鹿的存在与否，云杉群落都不会受到实质性的影响。
The spruce community is not substantially affected by either the presence or absence of moose.
每个种群，每个群落，甚至每一代黑猩猩都是独一无二的。
Each population, each community, even each generation of chimps is unique.
先驱者和演替植物群落据说是以1-500年的时间区间变化的。
Pioneer and successional plant communities are said to change over periods from 1 to 500 years.
但在冰河时代，这些植物群落实际上一起生长，彼此混杂在一起。
But during the Ice Age, these plant communities actually grew together, mixed with one another.
提出的理论是，当未利用资源数量增加时，植物群落更容易受到入侵。
The suggested theory is that a plant community becomes more susceptible to invasion whenever there is an increase in the amount of unused resources.
然而，维持大型火山口群落所需的食物供应量必须是普通沉降物的数倍。
The food supplies necessary to sustain the large vent communities, however, must be many times the ordinary fallout.
我们正目睹像海藻丛林，海洋生物群落，珊瑚礁等主要生态系统的衰落。
We are seeing a decline in major ecosystems like kelp forests, sea life communities, coral reefs and so on.
生态学家使用“演替”一词来指植物群落和生态系统随时间发生的变化。
Ecologists use the term "succession" to refer to the changes that happen in plant communities and ecosystems over time.
这种新的“群落生态学”强调的是由不同物种组成的群落的组成和结构。
The emphasis of this new "community ecology" was on the composition and structure of communities consisting of different species.
至少在温带地区，最大的多样性通常出现在演替中期，而不是在顶极群落中。
At least in temperate zones, maximum diversity is often found in mid-successional stages, not in the climax community.
首先，我想谈谈一些发现，它们挑战了建立生物群落必需条件的基本假设之一。
First, I'd like to talk about some discoveries that have challenged one of these fundamental assumptions about what you need in order to have a biological community.
相反，一个复杂的顶极群落，如温带森林，将承受天气和害虫所带来的大规模破坏。
In contrast, a complex climax community, such as a temperate forest, will tolerate considerable damage from weather to pests.
植物群落可以自由地聚集，并且，它们的特殊结构由该区域的具体历史情况所决定。
Plant communities assemble themselves flexibly, and their particular structure depends on the specific history of the area.
与独立生存的细菌相比，这些群落中的细菌对清洁剂和抗生素也有着更强的抵抗力。
Bacteria in these communities also have an enhanced resistance to sanitizers and antibiotics compared to bacteria living on their own.
因此，从多样性的角度来看，将一种主要捕食者从一个群落中彻底消灭通常是一个错误。
Therefore, from the stand point of diversity, it is usually a mistake to eliminate a major predator from a community.
竞争对于一个群落的组成和特定物种的密度的决定程度有多大，一直是相当有争议的问题。
To what extent competition determines the composition of a community and the density of particular species has been the source of considerable controversy.
在这种情况下，顶极群落将被认为是最稳定的，因为根据定义，它随着时间推移所产生的变化最小。
In that case, the climax community would be considered the most stable, since, by definition, it changes the least over time.
在这种情况下，顶极群落会是最脆弱和最不稳定的，因为它们可能需要数百年才能恢复到顶极状态。
In that case, climax communities would be the most fragile and the least stable, since they can require hundreds of years to return to the climax state.
獴幼崽大概是南部非洲最可爱的生物了，但是，獴群落的配偶设法在仅仅几个月之后停止宠坏它们。
Meerkat babies may be the most adorable creatures in southern Africa, but their colony mates manage to stop spoiling them after only a few months.
当季节变得更分明，植物群落逐渐分开，也就意味着任何一个特定的地区的植物种类多样性都会降低。
When the seasons became more distinct, the plant communities were pulled apart, that meant, in any given area, there was less plant diversity.
这个生态系统是生物圈中令人着迷的悖论之一：清澈而又缺乏营养的水域是如何支撑如此多产的群落的？
This ecosystem is one of the fascinating paradoxes of the biosphere: how do clear, and thus nutrient-poor, waters support such prolific and productive communities?
物种在共生关系中复杂的相互作用突出了群落的一个重要特点：它们的结构取决于生物之间多样的联系网络。
The complex interplay of species in symbiotic relationships highlights an important point about communities: Their structure depends on a web of diverse connections among organisms.
第一个和第三个可能是生物群落结构的关键因素；也就是说，所有的生物种群都生活在一起，并且它们可能在一个特定的区域内相互作用。
The first and the third can be key factors in the structure of a biological community; that is, all the populations of organisms living together and potentially interacting in a particular area.
南大洋中只有少数岛屿适合大型群落繁衍生存。
Only a handful of islands in the Southern Ocean are suitable for sustaining large breeding colonies.
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