它一般被理解为说话者和听话者所共有的知识。
It is generally considered as constituted by the knowledge Shared by the speaker and the hearer.
经常，随意的单词使用阻碍说话者和听话者之间的思想交会。
Too often, careless use of words prevents a meeting of the minds of the speaker and listener.
预备条件道歉者认为行为A并不符合听话者的最高利益。
Preparatory condition :Speaker believes that A was not in Hearer's best interest.
此外，不正确的或者不明确的词可能会使听话者难于理解传送给他的消息。
Moreover, inaccurate or indefinite words may make it difficult for the listener to understand the message which is being transmitted to him.
影响听力理解的因素主要有时间、听话者的心理、文化背景等。
Time, listeners' psychology and cultural knowledge are the major factors, which affect the listening comprehension.
任何一个言语行为都是一个用符号表达说话者的知识，并让听话者接受的过程。
Any speech action is a process to use symbols to express the speech-maker's knowledge and make his or her auditors accept them.
声学语音学研究语音的物理性质，研究语音从说话者到听话者之间的传播方式。
Acoustic — studies the physical properties of speech sounds, the way sound travel from the speaker to the hearer.
隐含表达与语境关系密切，对语境的理解有助于讲话者和听话者运用和理解隐含表达。
Inexplicitness is closely related with context, in which a speaker can produce appropriate inexplicitness and a hearer can understand it correctly in English conversations.
说话者使用的会和听话者的理解冲突的单词可能激起听话者的不快的反应；从而，本传送-接收系统崩溃。
The words used by the speaker may stir up unfavorable reactions in the listener which interfere with his comprehension; hence, the transmission-reception system breaks down.
撒谎者常常坐立不安，不愿与听话者面对面，总是眨眼睛，一脸严肃，或音调、音高发生改变。
Liars often fidget, turn away from the person to whom they are speaking, blink rapidly, smile less and have pitch changes in their tone of voice.
撒谎者常常坐立不安，不愿与听话者面对面，总是眨眼睛，一脸严肃，或音调、音高发生改变。
Liars soften fidget, turn away from the person to whom they are speaking, blink rapidly, smile less and have pitch changes in their tone of voice.
指出认知型情态意义在说话者的表达和听话者的理解过程中都受到语境的影响，并详细阐述了语境的作用；
The author argues that the context takes effect in the process of understanding and expressing EMM and depicts how the change of contextual factors causes the change of EMM and EME.
另一方面，选用一些让听话者肯定自己的想法受到尊重的话，对于让你自己的观点被对方理解，且不使问题热化具有非常强大的促进作用。
On the other hand, choosing words that assure the listeners that their perspectives are being respected drastically improves the chances of getting your point across without heating things up.
对着孩子大吼大叫让他们听话就像开车时为了开道而拼命按喇叭，二者殊途同归。
Shouting to make your children obey is like using the horn to steel your car, and you get about the same results.
语言使用者包括说话人和听话人双方。
Language user should be understood as including the speaker and the listener.
在双耳两分听话试验中，被测试者要戴上耳机坐在位子上，两个耳机里会同时传出不同的声音。
In a dichotic listening test, a person sits with a set of earphones on, and through each earphone, simultaneously, comes a different sound.
释意派认为，翻译就是传达交际意义，译员在陈述者和听话人之间转换意义的标准在于忠实于意义。
According to Theory of Interpretation, it is the communicative meaning that should be transferred in the translation, and the criterion for the translation is to be faithful to the meaning.
祈使句是一种常见的语言现象，它的原型意义是说话者指使听话人去做或不做某事。
Imperative is a very popular linguistic phenomenon, which has a prototypical meaning that "the speaker requires the hearer to do or not to do something".
雇主埋怨新入职者不听话或上班退到。
They complain about recruits who won't listen or who fail to wake up for work.
雇主埋怨新入职者不听话或上班退到。
They complain about recruits who won't listen or who fail to wake up for work.
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