拍摄现场：英国彭赞斯skilly海滩的反拨波。
The Spot: "Backwash Wave" on Skilly Beach, Penzance, England.
反拨效应是指测试对教与学的影响，其影响可能是积极的，也有可能是消极的。
Washback, which can be positive or negative, generally refers to the influence of testing on teaching and learning.
这些研究加深了人们对测试反拨效应的认识，在一定程度上促进了测试和教学改革。
These studies have deepened people's understanding of this phenomenon and promoted the reform and innovation in language testing and teaching.
作为后现代主义的主要文学形式之一，后现代小说对传统的小说形式作了大胆的反拨，以混乱无序、模糊含混、荒诞奇异取代完整清晰、有序理性。
Postmodern fiction, a burgeoning literary form in the postmodern context, reforms the tradition audaciously by replacing order, lucidity and rationality with disorder, obscurity and absurdity.
本文在追溯了语言学研究中“语言”与“言语”二分的历史渊源之后，对传统结构主义语言学重“语言”而轻“言语”的研究范式和后来的语用学派对这种范式的反拨分别进行了述评。
After a review of the history of the dichotomy of "langue" and "parole" in the study of language, this article criticizes the research paradigm of structuralists and that of pragmaticists.
反拨效应是指测试对教学所产生的影响。
Washback refers to the influence of tests on teaching and learning.
反拨效应是教育领域中一个重要的研究课题。
雅思考试对中外合作办学项目的英语教学产生巨大的反拨效应。
IELTS test exerts inevitable backwash effect on English teaching in international joint programs.
指出“文”是一种充满审美意味的隐喻，体现了审美现代性对社会现代性的反拨。
By stating that "refinement" is an aesthetic metaphor, the counteraction of aesthetic modernity to social modernity is unfolded.
从生存活动的主体存在角度论述民俗的定义和性质是对传统民俗学客观化研究的反拨。
Discussing the definition and property of folk custom from the perspective of the living activities is a reflection on the objective study of the traditional folklore.
这些研究成果不仅丰富了测试理论，加深了人们对测试反拨效应的认识，在一定程度上促进了测试和教学改革。
These studies results have enriched the test theory, deepened people's understanding of this phenomenon and to some degree promoted the reform and innovation in language testing and teaching.
深入研究审美体验是对导致人的社会异化的现代工具理性的一种反拨，也有助于我们更好地理解西方现代主义艺术。
The profound study of aesthetic experience is a sort of revolt against modern means rationality which leads to social alienation and also is helpful our better knowledge of western modern art.
追溯语言学研究中“语言”与“言语”二分的历史渊源，对传统结构主义语言学重“语言”而轻“言语”的研究范式和后来的语用学派对这种范式的反拨分别进行述评。
After a review of the history of the dichotomy of "language" and "parole" in the study of language, this article criticizes the research paradigm of structuralists and that of pragmaticists.
比如说，警方可能设置反家庭虐待热线，以便那些在家中受到家庭成员虐待的人拨入求助。
For example, the police might have a domestic abuse hotline that people can call if they are being hurt in their homes by family members.
比如说，警方可能设置反家庭虐待热线，以便那些在家中或者是受到家庭成员虐待的人拨入求助。
For example, the police might have a domestic abuse hotline that people can call if they are being hurt in their homes by family members.
比如说，警方可能设置反家庭虐待热线，以便那些在家中或者是受到家庭成员虐待的人拨入求助。
For example, the police might have a domestic abuse hotline that people can call if they are being hurt in their homes by family members.
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